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GENETICS (Artificial Selection (Selective breeding, introducing an…
GENETICS
Genomes
Chromosomes
Genes
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Note: Genes tell the trait (eye color), and the alleles tell specific types of traits (blue, brown, green).
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Genetic Disorders
Mutations
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Beneficial
Some examples of beneficial mutations are HIV resistance, lactose tolerance, and trichromatic vision.
Detrimental
Some examples of detrimental mutations are cystic fybrosis, lung cancer, and sickle cell.
Neutral
Some examples of neutral mutations are heterochromia, having red/orange hair, and, like with the cat in the Two-Faced Cat article, having different hair color on each part of your face
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Reproduction
Asexual
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Advantage
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Lack of diversity
In the May 13th, 2016 Washington Post article, “A species better off without men,” author Sarah Kaplan informs us that lack of diversity can be good or bad thing depending on the situation.
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Dominant alleles are dominant. If even one of these alleles is present in the offspring's DNA, then they will carry the dominant trait. (The dominant allele in the punnett square is A)
Recessive alleles are recessive. If, and only if, there are no dominant alleles present in the offspring's DNA, then they will carry the recessive trait. (The recessive allele in the punnett square is a)
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A Punnett Square is a diagram to show the types of traits that can be given by alleles. For example, this diagram shows the color of a pea pod. The dominant trait is green, and the recessive trait is yellow.
Alleles are a variant form of a given gene. Sometimes, different alleles can result in different observable phenotypic traits, such as different pigmentation.
A genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA . The genome includes both the genes and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA.
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Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms,. They are the molecules that produce the traits, like pigments
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A mutation is the alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Mutations result from errors during DNA
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Phenotypes is how the genetic information that is presented. Phenotypes are determined by the genotype
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Homozygous dominant means both alleles are dominant, for example, the top left corner of the punnett square shows a homozygous dominant.
Hetero means different, so heterozygous has different alleles. Like, for example, in the punnett square, the parents are heterozygous
Homozygous dominant means both alleles are recessive, for example, the bottom right corner of the punnett square shows a homozygous recessive.
Homo means same, so homozygous means each allele is the same, like in the punnett square. The top left and bottom right are both homozygous pea pods,
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CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a technique that allows scientists to make precision edits to any DNA, whether bacterial or human.
Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9) is a protein which is heavily utilized in genetic engineering applications.
Albinism is a genetic condition where people are born without the usual pigment (color) in their bodies. Their bodies aren't able to make a normal amount of melanin, the chemical that is responsible for eye, skin, and hair color.
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Natural selection is when predators eat the prey that stand out from the rest, or the prey that are less viable to survive, leaving only the more viable prey to reproduce, giving the viable traits to their offspring. This happens over a course of hundreds of years
Artificial Selection is like natural selection in the way that it allows the species to survive better, but different in that it is caused by humans, hence the "artificial part of it.
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