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image (Genome (Chromosome (Gene (Mutations (Negative (Negative mutations…
Genome
Chromosome
Gene
Protein
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Groups of amino acids that form body parts on organisms, that are dictated by genes
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Proteins form traits, such as arms, hair, beaks...
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Mutations
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Sometimes genetic codes are written incorrectly. These errors are called mutations most of the time they are neutral, but sometimes they can have a Negative or Positive effect on an organism.
Negative
Negative mutations such as clubbed feet, fused bones / tissue, or blindness can be harmful to an organism, this is why mates typically will not pick poorly genetically mutated organisms to mate with, so that harmful genes are not passed on.
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Neutral
Neutral mutations can be completely ineffective to an organism's likelihood of survival or mating. Such as eye color changes, or a small
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Positive
Positive mutations can be very beneficial to a species, organisms are more likely to survive and especially likely to reproduce when they possess such mutations. If the mutated organism creates enough offspring their mutated gene may be passed on, this can lead to a domino effect and if most of a species eventualy gains this gene, it is called evolution. In some cases, if enough mutations are passed on an organism can become a completely different species.
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Individual organised sections of the genome, humans have 23
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Genotype vs Phenotype
Genotypes are the gene / genes that code for certain physical traits and alleles. Physical traits and alleles are called phenotypes. Genotypes are the genetic code, Phenotypes are the physical version of the code.
Alleles
alleles are the differentials of the phenotype, such as brown hair vs black hair. As the phenotype in this case would be the hair, and the allele would be the different colors of hair that may occur. Both of these depend on the Genotype.
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Natural selection
Natural selection is when a certain organism possesses a mutation that is helpful in surviving and mating. A helpful mutation allows the organism to produce more offspring and allow for his/her children to possess that mutated gene. The gene can then over many generations become an adaptation, and the entire species could possess the gene over a long period of time.
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Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
two organisms mate to create offspring... ( takes time and energy, but offspring have genetic variations)
A-sexual Reproduction
One organism produces an exact genetic copy of itself . ( very little time and energy is required, but there is no genetic variation)
Remember the Science world article all about lizards that reproduce mostly without the opposite gender? That was a great example of A-sexual reprodution.
Artificial Selection
When humans intervene in the process of evolution by producing animals that better suit human needs, this is called artificial selection
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Wild bananas are stiff, green, and filled with seeds. But humans have artificially selected them to be easy to peel, and to have very small seeds.
Pugs are bred specifically to look cute, and have faces that appear as though they have been smashed in with frying pans. This is due to human intervention in their breeding process
A Punnett Square is a sort of chart/graph that helps us figure out the likelihood that an offspring of two parents will possess a certain gene based on the offspring's parent genes.
These genes are represented by letters that are either capitalized on lowercase depending on the gene. Capitals are dominant, lower case are non dominant. Dominant have a higher likelyhood that they will be passed on.
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