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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Clinical Manifestations (Chronic…
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Pathphysiology
Submucosal bronchial gland enlargement and goblet cell metaplasia
Cellular infiltrates
Decreased neutrophils and eosinophils
Airway epithelial squamous metaplasia, ciliary dysfunction, hypertrophy of smooth muscle and connective tissue
Increased number of macrophages and CD8 T lymphocytes
Alveolar wall destruction from loss of epithelial and endothelial cells
Gas exchange abnormalities
Clinical Manifestations
Chronic cough
Cyanosis
Frequent respiratory infections
Wheezing
Low oxygen saturation
Hypersecretion of mucus
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Risk Factors
Long term exposure to noxious particles and other gases (air pollution)
Asthma
Alpha-1 deficiency
Smoking (primary and secondhand)
Epidemiology
Causes
Chronic lung inflammation
Genetics
Tissue destruction
Disruption of normal repair and defense mechanisms
Disruption of normal and defense mechanisms
Diagnosis
CT scan
Patient history
Spirometry