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Defences against infection S7 (Immune response (Inflammation (innate…
Defences against infection
S7
Immune response
Inflammation (innate immune response)
Blood vessels dilate
Blood vessels become porous
Defensive proteins, leukocytes, fluid
Innate immune response (non-specific to pathogen)
Cytotoxic leukocytes
Phagocytic leukocytes
Specialised proteins
Adaptive immunity
Primary response
B-cells, antibodies
Cytotoxic T-cells
Helper T-cells
Memory cells
Secondary response
Faster, stronger, longer
More memory cells
Natural barriers
Physical
Skin
Cilia
Mucus and mucous membranes
Respiratory
Digestive
Reproductive
Coughing and sneezing
Chemical
Antibacterial proteins and zinc in semen
Acid in sweat and stomach
Enzymes in mucus, tears, saliva
Commensal bacteria in gut and genital tract
Vaccination
Vaccine exists
Two doses for secondary response
Not vaccinated
Terrain, communication, parental education
Opposition to vaccination
Muslims, polio
UK, MMR
No effective vaccine
Pathogen mutates (influenza)
Short-lived (cholera)
None for protists, parasites, sexual
Antimicrobial resistance