genetics
Genotypes vs Phenotypes
Genotypes- An organisms genotype is the set of genes that it carries. And genotype is the genetic code.
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Phenotype- An organisms phenotype is all of its observable characteristics. So phenotype is basically the physical trait, and it's the result of the Genotype.
Genome- Is the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.
Chromosomes- a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Genes- is a unit of DNA that is usually located on chromosomes, and it controls the development of one or more traits.
Proteins- Proteins are polymers of amino acids, they have a variety of function in cells.
Trait- a trait or character is a feature of an organism. The term phenotype is sometimes used as a synonym for trait in common use, but strictly speaking, does not indicate the trait, but the state of that trait
Dominant vs Recessive alleles
Dominant- A dominant allele produces dominant phenotypes, in individuals who have one copy of the allele, which can come from just one parent.
Recessive alleles- For a recessive allele to produce a recessive phenotype, the individual must have two copies, one from each parent.
Punnett square visual: 
Punnett Square EXPLAINED: The punnett square is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.
Mutation- A Mutation occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene.
Good mutations- Mutations can be beneficial, benign, or malignant, depending on where in the genetic code they are located. Examples of beneficial mutations include HIV resistance, lactose tolerance, and trichromatic vision.
Bad mutations- have an altered gene product that acts antagonistically to the wild-type allele.
indifferent mutations- are not affected by selection because their effects are too small.
homozygous dominant- if it carries two copies of the same dominant allel
homozygous recessive- if it carries two copies of the same recessive allele.
heterozygous- Heterozygous means that an organism has two different alleles of a gene. Carriers are always heterozygous.
In the article "creatures without colours" it talks about albinism, and albinism is a rare genetic disorder. And can be passed down, and inherited.
Asexual Reproduction- A type of reproduction when an offspring arise from a single organism. And only inherit genes from that parent only.
Sexual Reproduction- A type of reproduction that combining genetic information from two individuals of different sexes.
Advantage 2: The maturity is very rapid, and can happen in as few as 6 weeks.
disadvantage 1: The diversity is limited, because there is only one parent involved in reproduction.
Advantage 1: It occurs in many environments, because asexual organisms are highly adaptive and can adapt to many environments.
disadvantage 2: It can create competition, because asexual reproduction usually create offspring close to one another. Which creates a competition for resources.
advantage 1: introduces variations into a population.
advantage 2: The species can easily adapt to a new environment.
disadvantage 2: not possible for an isolated individual
disadvantage 1: time and energy are needed to find a mate.
Mutation- The changing of the structure of a gene.
Variation- The difference in DNA among individuals.
Adaptation- A genetic tracking process, which goes on all the time to some extent.
N.S- the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
examples of natural selection- deer mouse, the peppered moth, and the peacock because they have all adapted to their environments.
Artificial Selection- is the intentional breeding of plants or animals. and means the same thing as selective breeding.
examples of artificial selection- fainting goats, farming livestock, and dogs.