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A skinny 22- years old male is suffering from cramping, fatigued and loss…

- - - - Ionic Imbalance
        
        Na+ gained, K+ lost during AP
        
        Lead to reduced AP
        
        Reduce Ca2+ release from SR
      - Increased inorganic phosphate
        
        Pi from CP & ATP
        
        Interfere with Ca2+ from SR
        
        Interfere with Pi from myosin
        
        Alter powerstroke
      - Decreased ATP & increased Mg2+
        
        Act on sensitive protein in T-tubule
        
        Decrease Ca2+ release from SR
      - Decreased glycogen
    - - 1) Direct phosphorylation
        
        Involves Creatine kinase
        
        Catalyze creatine phosphate & ADP into
        
        Creatine & ATP
        
        No oxygen used
        
        Provides energy for the first 15 sec of an exercise
      - 2) Anaerobic pathway:
        
        ATP generated by catabolizing
        
        Glycogen stored in muscle
        
        Blood glucose
        
        Via Glycolysis
        
        Into 2 pyruvic acid molecules
        
        Releasing 2 ATP per glucose
        
        Converted into
        
        Lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysis)
        
        3 more items...
        
        Vigorous muscle contraction
        
        Provides 30- 40 sec of energy
        
        No oxygen required
      - 3) Aerobic pathway:
        
        Requires oxygen
        
        Requires mitochondria
        
        ATP generated by
        
        Break down
        
        Glucose & oxygen to form
        
        CO2, water & ATP
        
        CO2 exhaled out of lungs
        
        32 ATP per glucose
        
        Provide hours of energy
        
        Produces 95% ATP
      - Maintain healthy Diet
        
        Proteins
        
        Healthy carbohydrates
        
        Electrolyte drinks
    - - 1) Events at neuromuscular junction:
        
        Brain sends an Action potential to motor neuron
        
        Motor neuron in spinal
        
        AP travel along the motor neuron to axon terminal
        
        Neuromuscular Junction
        
        Ca2+ channel open
        
        Ca+ enter axon terminal
        
        1 more item...
        
        Contain folds
        
        1 more item...
        
        Contain synaptic vesicles
        
        1 more item...
      - 2) Muscle fiber excitation:
        
        End plate potential
        
        Wave of depolarization
        
        Open voltage-gated Na+ channel
        
        Propagate AP
        
        Spread to adjacent sarcolemma
        
        Repolarization
        
        Voltage-gated Na+ channel close
        
        Voltage-gated K+ open
        
        Restore negatively charged inside cell
      - 3) Excitation- contraction coupling:
        
        AP travels along sarcolemma
        
        Down T- tubules of triad
        
        Contain
        
        Voltage-senstive tubule proteins
        
        Triggered by AP
        
        1 more item...
      - 4) Cross Bridge cycling:
        
        1) Cross bridge formation:
        
        Myosin attach to actin
        
        2) Power stroke
        
        ADP & Pi are released from myosin
        
        myosin head bends
        
        actin filament pulled toward M line
        
        I band shorten
        
        H zone disappear
        
        A band move closer together
        
        Distance between Z-discs shorten
        
        3) Cross bridge detachment:
        
        ATP attach to myosin
        
        Myosin & actin weakens
        
        Myosin head detach
        
        4) Cocking of the myosin head:
        
        Myosin hydrolyzes ADP to
        
        ADP & Pi
        
        Causing myosin to return to
        
        Pre-stroke high energy
  - - - Organ level of muscle
      - Attach to muscle
        
        Epimysium
        
        Dense irregular connective tissue
        
        Outer layer of muscle
        
        Covers perimysium
        
        Overcoat of fascicles
        
        Endomysium
        
        Sarcolemma
        
        1 more item...
        
        Overcoat of muscle fiber
        
        Cellular level of muscle
        
        Dense irregular connective tissue
        
        Tissue of muscle
    - - Latissimus dorsi
      - Trapezious
      - Rhomboids
      - Splenius
      - Supraspinatus
      - Infraspinatus
      - Teres major
      - Deltoid
      - Masseter
      - Temporalis
      - Pectoralis major
      - Sternocleido-mastoid
      - Digastric
      - Triceps brachii
      - Biceps brachii
      - Serratus ventralis
      - Intercostals
      - External oblique
      - Internal oblique
      - Transverse abdominis
      - Rectus abdominis
      - Gluteus maximus
      - Gluteus medius
      - Sartorius
      - Gracilis
      - Quadriceps group
      - Adductor group
      - Hamstring group
      - Gastrocenmious
      - Soleus
      - Tibialis anterior
      - Orbicularis oculi
      - Orbicularis oris
- - - - Muscle destruction
        
        Decreased levels of muscle protein
        
        Delayed recovery time
      - Due to intense workout
  - - - High intensity exercise depress immunity
    - - Muscle activity requires proper nutrient intake
      - Adequate amount of nutrient required for brain activity
    - - Increased friction on hands
      - Concurring blisters
    - - Require adequate amount of Ca+ and nutrients intake
    - - Increased gastrointestinal motility
- - - - Intense weight-training program
        
        Pros
        
        Muscle tearing
        
        Bone remodeling
        
        Cons
        
        Accumulate lactic acid
        
        Fatigue
        
        Cramping pain
      - Running on Treadmill for 45 min
        
        Pros
        
        Lose fat
        
        Strengthen heart
        
        Cons
        
        Loss of muscle mass
        
        Loss of proteins stored in muscle
      - Avoids sport drinks
        
        Cons
        
        Ions lost as sweat
        
        Risks for fatigue
      - Adopted a vegan diet
        
        Fruit juices
        
        No soy or tofu
        
        Pros
        
        Neutral plant based diet
        
        Healthy
        
        Cons
        
        Fruits are full of sugar
        
        Risks for diabetes
        
        Not nutrient balanced diet
      - Skips meals on weight training days
        
        Pros
        
        Lose fat
        
        Cons
        
        Muscle glycogen broken down
        
        Loss of muscle mass
        
        Loss of proteins in muscle
        
        Body is using proteins as an energy source
    - - Cramping pain:
        
        Accumulation of Lactic acid
        
        Muscle tearing
      - Fatigue:
        
        Ionic imbalance
        
        Increased inorganic phosphate
        
        Decreased ATP and increased Mg2+
        
        Decreased glycogen
      - Muscle loss:
        
        Decreased glycogen levels
        
        Decreased glucose levels
        
        Decreased protein levels