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Ch. 20 Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts (Division…

- - - - origin
      - evolutionary diversification
  - - - adaptation to
        
        terrestrial habitats
      - development of
        
        vascular tissues
        
        xylem
        
        phloem
      - origin from
        
        green algae
      - origin of
        
        structures
        
        seeds
        
        leaves
        
        woody growth
  - - - have
        
        vascular tissues
      - do not have
        
        seeds
      - examples
        
        clubmosses
        
        scouring rushes
        
        ferns
      - aka
        
        vascular plants without seeds
    - - aka seeds plants
      - examples
        
        conifers
        
        angiosperms
        
        cycads
      - have both
        
        vascular tissues
        
        seeds
    - - aka bryophytes
        
        have neither
        
        vascular tissues
        
        seeds
      - examples
        
        hornworts
        
        liverworts
        
        mosses
      - arose first
- - - - technically
        
        no vascular tissue
        
        embryophytes
        
        have
        
        multicellular sporangia
        
        gametangia
      - leafy stems
      - many stomata
      - cuticle
      - almost exclusively terrestrial
      - small and simple
        
        selective advantage
  - - - Tillandsia usneoides
    - - lycophytes
    - - green algae
    - - bryonia
      - usnea
      - alectoria
      - reindeer moss
- - - - unknown
        
        liverworts
        
        hornworts
        
        mosses
    - - hepatophyta
        
        liverworts
      - bryophyta
        
        mosses
      - anthocerotophyta
        
        hornworts
    - - division bryophyta
        
        three classes
        
        liverworts
        
        hepticae
        
        hornworts
        
        anthocerotae
        
        mosses
        
        musci
- - - - perennial
      - thrive in cities
        
        tortula
        
        walls
        
        mnium
        
        soil
      - ubiquitous
        
        all over
  - - - leafy stems
        
        gametophores
        
        some species
        
        close and tightly appressed
        
        grimmia
        
        pohlia
        
        open and loose
        
        anacolia
        
        climacium
        
        platygyrium
        
        ribbons
        
        scouleria
      - classification
        
        class andreaeopsida
        
        adreaea
        
        neuroloma
        
        class bryopsida
        
        atrichum
        
        bryum
        
        buxbaumia
        
        dicranum
        
        fissidens
        
        funaria
        
        grimmia
        
        mnium
        
        physcomitrium
        
        polytrichum
        
        class sphagnopsida
        
        sphagnum
    - - some mosses
        
        polytrichaceae
        
        innermost cortex
        
        hydroids
        
        conduct
        
        dissolved minerals
        
        water
        
        cells
        
        leptoids
        
        resemble
        
        sieve cells
      - majority of mosses
        
        lack
        
        hydroids
        
        leptoids
        
        water conducted
        
        along
        
        external stem
        
        capillary action
        
        small
        
        stems
        
        leaves
        
        have
        
        rhizoids
        
        function
        
        anchors stem
        
        DO NOT
        
        absorb
        
        2 more items...
        
        penetrate substrate surface
        
        lack
        
        chloroplasts
        
        form
        
        trichome-like
        
        reddish walls
        
        multicellular
        
        small
    - - gametophore growth
      - gametophore
        
        germination
        
        chlorophyllous cell
        
        mitosis
        
        branched system
      - protonema
        
        branched system
        
        of
        
        chlorophyllous cells
    - - gametophore
        
        produces
        
        gametangia
      - all mosses
        
        oogamous
        
        have
        
        large, nonmotile
        
        egg cells
        
        small, biflagellate
        
        sperm cells
      - sperm cells
        
        produced by
        
        antheridia
        
        small, biflagellate
      - egg cells
        
        produced by
        
        archegonia
        
        large, nonmotile
  - - - undergoes
        
        transverse division
      - basal cell
        
        develops to
        
        foot
        
        (bulbous tissue)
      - upper cell
        
        develops to
        
        capsule
        
        cell division
        
        apical sporagnium
      - seta
        
        between
        
        foot
        
        sporangium
        
        plural
        
        setae
    - - apex
        
        operculum
      - peristome teeth
        
        result of
        
        cell breakage
        
        elaborate
        
        precise
      - calyptra
        
        covers apex
    - - almost all
        
        mosses
  - - - lack of
        
        conducting tissues
      - small size
    - - compensating mechanisms
        
        moist environment
        
        cloud forest
        
        spray zones
        
        waterfall
        
        rain forest
        
        rock cliff
        
        tolerance of
        
        desiccation
        
        Tortula ruralis
    - - resistant to
        
        temperature
        
        extremes
        
        UV light
      - flexible
        
        growth places
        
        bare rock
        
        Andreaea
        
        Hedwigia
        
        brick/mortar
        
        Tortula muralis
        
        :
    - - latter species
        
        getting established
        
        vascular plants
      - create
        
        soil pockets
- - - - small plants
      - alternation of
        
        heteromorphic generations
    - - largest
        
        monoclea
        
        150 by 2000 um
      - smallest
        
        cephaloziella
        
        5 by 20 cm
    - - mosses
  - - - two groups
        
        leafy liverworts
        
        orders
        
        jungermanniales
        
        haplomitriales
        
        thallose liverworts
        
        less moss resemblance
        
        body
        
        is
        
        thallus
        
        plural
        
        1 more item...
        
        body
        
        1 more item...
        
        cells
        
        air pores
        
        aerenchyma
        
        large chambers
      - gametophores
        
        either
        
        bisexual
        
        unisexual
        
        example
        
        marchantia
        
        male gametophore
        
        antheridiophore
        
        archegoniophores
  - - - little variation
      - morphology
        
        similar to
        
        mosses
      - fundamental varience
        
        is distinct
        
        most liverworts
        
        have
        
        seta
        
        calyptra
        
        foot
        
        example
        
        marchantiales
        
        sporangium globose
        
        lacks columella
        
        no seta
        
        no operculum
        
        no peristome teeth
        
        elaters
- - - - inconspicuous
      - thalloid plants
      - small
      - grow on
        
        moist soil
        
        hidden by
        
        grasses
      - 100 to 150 named
        
        6 genera
      - quite distinct from
        
        embryophytes
        
        most striking
        
        large chloroplast
        
        pyrenoid
        
        nonvascular plants
      - variable
        
        growth forms
  - - - formation
        
        three to four
        
        protonema cells
        
        before gametophore
        
        always thin
        
        at edges
        
        less than
        
        4 to 5
        
        cells thick
      - hornwort gametophytes
        
        numerous chambers
        
        nostoc cyanobacteria
      - gametangium development
        
        distinct
        
        fertilization
        
        longitudinal division
        
        of zygote
  - - - between
        
        mosses
        
        liverworts
      - difficult to find
    - - in gametophore tissue
      - but
        
        no
        
        seta
        
        discrete sporangium
      - meristem
        
        produces
        
        sporangium tissues
        
        continuously