Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

A 22 year-old male suffering from muscle loss, cramping and pain due to…

- - - - Peristalsis
      - Pump blood
      - Spincters
    - - Move Skin (facial muscles)
      - Move skeleton
  - - - Location
        
        Found exclusively in heart walls
      - Characteristics
        
        Contains auto rhythmic nodal cells
        
        Will contract without direct stimulation from nervous system
        
        Involuntary
      - Appearance
        
        Striated
        
        Branching cells
        
        Uninucleate or binucleate
        
        Noticable intercalated discs between cells
    - - Location
        
        Some insert to skin (ex. facial muscles)
        
        Attached to skeleton
      - Characteristics and Function
        
        Voluntary movement
        
        Powerful, adaptable, but easily fatigued
      - Apppearance
        
        Multinucleated
        
        Striated
        
        Long parallel cells extending length of muscle
    - - Location
        
        Found in walls of hollow organs and tubes
        
        Forms sphincters and valves for control of materials through body
      - Characteristics
        
        Smooth, slow, rhythmic contractions
        
        Involuntary
      - Apppearance
        
        Unicellular
        
        Not striated
        
        Elongated cells
  - - - Action potential
        
        Release of potassium causes depolarization
        
        Action potential occurs as a wave of depolarization and depolarization down sarcolemma
        
        Slower voltage-gated potassium channels also open, releasing potassium
        
        Action potential travels through t-tubules and triggers voltage gated calcium channels
        
        Voltage gated sodium channels allow sodium influx which open more voltage gated sodium channels
        
        Sodium potassium pumps quickly restore sodium and potassium gradients
      - Excitation contraction coupling and power stroke
        
        Myosin binds to actin forming cross-bridge
        
        ADP and Pi are released, myosin head bends
        
        Tropomyosin exposes active sites on actin
        
        Bending of myosin pulls actin toward M-line; power stroke
        
        Troponin changes shape, moves topomyosin
        
        ATP binds to myosin, causing it to release actin
        
        Calcium released into sarcoplasm bind to troponin
        
        Hydrolysis of ATP places myosin back in its ready position to repeat power stroke
      - Excitation
        
        Influx of sodium depolarizes motor end plate
        
        Adjacent voltage gated sodium channels open
        
        Additional sodium crosses sarcolemma
      - Sliding filament theory
        
        Many myosin heads pull on actin in ratcheting motions to draw actin toward the M-line
        
        Once the actin is pulled toward the M-line, the sarcomere shortens
      - Electrical signaling at NMJ
        
        Acetylcholine crosses synaptic cleft
        
        Acetylcholine binds to chemically gated sodium channels and opens them
        
        Influx of calcium triggers exocytosis of acetylcholine
        
        Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine for recycling
        
        Action potential in axon opens calcium channels on terminal
    - - The myofibrils shorten, the muscle fiber shortens
      - Shortening of enough motor units triggers muscle contraction
      - Sarcomeres simultaneously shorten and the myofibril shortens
  - - - Increased cardiovascular efficiency via cardio exercise
      - Training to increase muscle myoglobin and glycogen stores
    - - Decreased ATP causes increased magnesium ion concentration which interferes with calcium
      - Decrease glycogen levels
      - Increased levels of of Pi from using ATP can block calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
      - Decrease oxygen causing anaerobic respiration and lactic acid buildup
      - Sodium pump isn't pumping out fast enough
        
        Ionic imbalances such as excessive loss of potassium to ECF and failure to pump calcium back into sarcoplasmic reticulum; fails to get sodium out
      - Not generating enough ACh
  - - - Tension
        
        Force a muscle exerts against a load (opposing force)
      - Contraction types
        
        Isometric contraction
        
        Muscle tension exerted against an immovable load; muscle does not change length
        
        Ex: trying to push against a wall or lift a car
        
        Isotonic contraction
        
        Concentric
        
        Ex: curling a dumbell involves a concentric contraction of the biceps brachii
        
        Muscle shortens: tension exceeds load
        
        Eccentric
        
        Muscle tension exerted against an immovable load; muscle does not change length
        
        Ex: trying to post against a wall or lift a car
    - - Recruitment: increases the strength of contraction
      - Motor units are recruited from small to large as greater contractile force is needed
      - One muscle may have feet or many motor units
      - Motor units range from a few muscle fibers per neuron
      - One motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates
      - Muscles requiring fine motor control have smaller motor units for increasing dexterity
    - - Muscle length is held constant
      - Electrical stimuli produce twitch responses
        
        Contraction-cross bridges develop, tension increases
        
        Relaxation-cross bridges reduced, calcium pumped back into SR
        
        Latent period- excitation contraction occurring
        
        Total time for one twitch can range from a few milliseconds to a few hundred milliseconds
      - Graph showing muscle tension over time
      - Combining twitches
        
        Summation-if frequency of stimulation causes twitches to start before relaxations complete
        
        Unfused tetanus
        
        Higher stimulation frequency results in unfused tetanus
        
        Fused teetanus
        
        The max frequency is reached causing stimulation to fused together and not having a relaxation between stimuli
  - - - Load
        
        Muscles contract fastest when no load is added
        
        The grater the load, the shorter the duration of contraction
        
        The greater the load, the slower the contraction
      - Recruitment
        
        The more motor units contracting, the faster and more prolonged the contraction
    - - Speed of contraction: slow or fast fibers
        
        Speed at which myosin ATPases split ATP
        
        Pattern of electrical activity of motor neurons
      - Metabolic pathways used for ATP synthesis
        
        Oxidative fibers
        
        Fast Oxidative fibers
        
        Medium-intensity activities
        
        Ex: sprinting or walking
        
        Many mitochondria
        
        Fast speed of contraction
        
        High myoglobin content
        
        Anaerobic and aerobic
        
        Medium rate of fatigue
        
        Slow oxidative fibers
        
        Low-intensity, endurance activities
        
        Ex: maintaining posture
        
        Used in endurance activities
        
        Slow sped of contraction
        
        Low glycogen stores
        
        Aerobic
        
        High myoglobin content
        
        Many mitochondria
        
        Glycolytic fibers
        
        Fast Glycolytic fibers
        
        Short-term intense or powerful moment
        
        Ex: hitting a baseball
        
        High glycogen content
        
        Fast speed of contraction
        
        Few mitochondria
        
        Anaerobic
        
        Hypertrophic with intense use
        
        Low myoglobin content
        
        Used in intense, short-term activities
        
        Rapid rate of fatigue
  - - - High energy molecule stores in muscles
        
        Tapped to regenerate ATP while other metabolic pathways adjust to sudden high demand for ATP
      - Direct phosphorylation
    - - During glycolysis, glucose is broken down to two pyretic acid molecules, releasing enough energy to form small amount to ATP
        
        Pyretic acid is converted into lactic acid
      - Anaerobic pathway
    - - Aerobic pathways
      - Starts with glycolysis in the mitochondria by breaking down glucoses entirely to water and carbon dioxide, and generating large amounts of ATP
- - - - Muscle loss
        
        Cons
        
        Muscle itself being lost
        
        Muscle tears apart
        
        Pros
        
        Muscle bults even stronger
      - Cramping pain
        
        Cons
        
        Involuntary twitch or contraction often caused by electrolyte imbalances
        
        Pros
        
        It can be cured with treatments or simple stretches
      - Fatigue
        
        Pros
        
        Muscle is being tear apart causes the recovery to result even stronger
        
        Cons
        
        Sodium pump isn't pumping it out fast enough
        
        Causes ion imbalanced
        
        Decreases ATP
        
        Decreases glycogen
        
        Calcium being led out
        
        Not generating enough ACh
- - - - Will continue to affect muscle physiology
        
        Hernia
        
        Organs protruding through muscle wall
        
        Fibromyalgia
        
        Chronic muscle inflammation
        
        Strain
        
        Excessive stretch of a muscle resulting in pain and inflammation
        
        Myalia
        
        Muscle pain from any disorder
        
        Tetanus
        
        Long-term involuntary contraction of a muscle
        
        Can also be trigger by Clostridium tetani infection
        
        Spasm/cramp
        
        Involuntary twitch or contraction
        
        Caused by electrolyte imbalance
      - There won't be a change b/c the body can't do try to gain muscle but also try to loose body fat at the same time
        
        In order to gain muscle mass
        
        Should focus in weight training
        
        In order to loose weight
        
        Should focus in cardio (to strength heart)
    - - The body won't receive enough protein or fats to burn out
        
        Protein helps build back muscle tissue to help with gaining muscle mass
        
        Fats should be reduce to help lose weight
  - - - Reproductive system
        
        The reproductive system would be affect b/c childbirth can't occur without muscular contractions assisting
      - Integument system
        
        Muscle system protected by integumentary the muscular system is affected when exercising helps improve the integumentary health
        
        When over exercise the muscle cells are can tear
      - Urinary system
        
        With muscles affected the urinary system won't have the need to excrete metabolic waste
      - Skeletal system
        
        When one of the ligament is tear the skeletal system is affected; won't be able to provide movement to the body
      - Digestive system
        
        The digestive system would be affected without smooth muscle helping propel food through
      - Nervous system
        
        It activates the muscles; without muscles the brain wouldn't have the need to send signals that determine which muscle need to do certain things
      - Respiratory system
        
        Without muscles there can't be improvement in the respiratory efficiency; also the respiratory system won't have the need to provide oxygen for muscle activity
      - Endocrine system
        
        If muscles are to be affected the endocrine system won't have the need to use hormones in relation to muscle growth
      - Lymphatic system
        
        With muscles affected there won't be able to improve lymphatic circulation or any other immune system functions
      - Cardiovascular system
        
        By affecting muscles such as cardiac muscle it would affect which would deliver blood carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body
- - - - Temporalis
        
        Insertions: coronoid process
        
        Action: close jaw
        
        Originate: temporal bone
      - Sternocleido-mastoid
        
        Insertion: mastoid process and occipital bone
        
        Action- flex and rotate head
        
        Originate: manubrium and clavical
      - Masseter
        
        Insertion: mandible
        
        Action: close jaw
        
        Originate: zygomatic arch
      - Splenius
        
        Insertion: mastoid process, occipital bone, C2-C7 vertebrae
        
        Action: extend or hyperextend head
        
        Originate: spins processes of C7-T6 vertebrae
      - Orbicularis Oris
        
        Insertions: skin and muscles around mouth
        
        Action: close lips
        
        Originate: maxilla and mandible
      - Diagastric
        
        Insertion: hyoid
        
        Action: open mouth
        
        Originate: mandible and mastoid process
      - Orbicularis Oculi
        
        Insertion: eyelid
        
        Action: close eye
        
        Originate: frontal and maxillary bones
    - - Biceps brachii
        
        Insertion: radial tuberosity or radius
        
        Action: flex and supinate forearm
        
        Originate: scapula and humerus
      - Triceps brachii
        
        Insertion: olecranon of ulna
        
        Action: forearm extension
        
        Originate: scapula and humerus
      - Deltoid
        
        Insertion: humerus
        
        Action: arm abduction
        
        Originate: clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
    - - Trapezius
        
        Insertion: acromion, spine of scapula, clavicle
        
        Action: elevate and rotate scapula
        
        Originate: vertebrae and occipital bone
      - Teres major
        
        Insertion: humerus
        
        Action: extend, rotate, adduct arm
        
        Originate: scapula
      - Infraspinatus
        
        Insertion: humerus
        
        Action: lateral rotation of the arm
        
        Originate: scapula
      - Rhomboids (major and minor)
        
        Insertion: medial scapula
        
        Action: stabilize scapula
        
        Originate: spinous processes of vertebrae
      - Latissimus dorsi
        
        Insertion: humerus
        
        Action: arm extension, adduction, rotation
        
        Originate: lumbodorsal fascia and vertebrae
      - Suprasinatus
        
        Insertion: humerus
        
        Action: abduct arm
        
        Originate: scapula
    - - Pectoralis major
        
        Insertion: humerus
        
        Action: adduct and rotate arm
        
        Originate: clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage
      - Serratus anterior/ventralis
        
        Insertion: scapula
        
        Action: rotate scapula
        
        Originate: ribs
      - Intercostals (internal and external)
        
        Insertion: adjacent rib
        
        Action: compress rib cage
        
        Originate: rib
    - - Transversus abdominus
        
        Insertion: linea alba, pubic crest
        
        Action: compress abdomen
        
        Originate: inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia ribs, iliac crest
      - External oblique
        
        Insertion: linea alba and pubis
        
        Action: flex spine, compress abdomen
        
        Originate: ribs
      - Rectus abdominus
        
        Insertion: xiphoid process and costal cartilage
        
        Action: flex and rotate spine
        
        Originate: Pubic crest
      - Internal oblique
        
        Insertion: linea alba, pubic crest, ribs
        
        Action: flex spine, compress abdomen
        
        Originate: lumbar fascia , iliac crest
    - - Sartorius
        
        Insertion: tibia
        
        Action: flex, adduct, laterally rotate thigh
        
        Originate: iliac spine
      - Gracilis
        
        Insertion: tibia
        
        Action: adduct thigh, flex and medially rotate leg
        
        Originate: pubis and ischium
      - Gluteus maximus
        
        Insertion: femur
        
        Action: thigh extension
        
        Originate: ilium, sacrum, coccyx
      - Adductor group
        
        Originate: pubis and ischium
        
        Insertion: femur
        
        Action: adduct, flex, medially rotate thigh
        
        Made up of
        
        Longus
        
        Brevis
        
        Magnus
      - Gluteus medius
        
        Insertion: femur
        
        Action: adduct and medially rotate thigh
        
        Originate: ilium
      - Gastrocnemiuns
        
        Insertion: calcaneus
        
        Action: plantar flexion
        
        Originate: condyles of femur
      - Hamstrings group
        
        Insertion: fibula and tibia
        
        Action: extend thigh, flex leg, rotate leg
        
        Originate: ischial tuberosity of ischium
        
        Made up of
        
        Biceps femoris
        
        Semimembranosus
        
        Semitendinosus
      - Soleus
        
        Insertion: calcaneus
        
        Action: planter flexion
        
        Originate: tibia and fibula
      - Quadriceps group
        
        Insertion: patella and tibia
        
        Action: leg extension, hip flexion
        
        Originate: ilium and femur
        
        Made up of
        
        Vastus laterals
        
        Rectus femoris
        
        Vastus medialis
        
        Vastus intermedius
      - Tibialis anterior
        
        Insertion: cuneiform and metatarsal
        
        Action: dorsiflexion
        
        Originate: tibia
  - - - Periosteum
        
        Tuberosity
        
        Tendon
        
        Epimysium
        
        Outer connective tissue around a muscle
        
        Organ level
        
        Muscle
        
        2 more items...
        
        Made up of dense fibers connective tissue