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heart and circulatory system (heart (steps (blood goes in, atrium…
heart and circulatory system
blood
components of blood
red blood cells
carries oxygen
formed of proteins and haemoglobin using a concave shape for more surface area
white blood cells
looks for foreign bodies in your system
types
platelets
scabs up with contact of air to stop bleeding
plasma
serum - water, marrow, proteins, glucose, lipids, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, salts, urea.
functions
transport of oxygen -red blood cells
immune response-white blood cells
healing wounds-platelets
transport nutrients-plasma
waste disposal - plasma
homeostasis
water control - plasma
maintaining ph
carrying hormones and enzymes
production
red blood cells are created in the marrow inside the bone
birds don't do this
heart
pericardium is the sac around the outside of the heart that protects and lubricates it, made of the epicardium myocardium and endocardium
atrium
less muscular top cavity of the heart
pulls the blood into the hert
ventricle
bottom cavities in the heart that pump the blood out of the heart
most muscular part of the heart
valve
bicuspid, tricuspid and semilunar valve
a one way gate that's stops the blood from going backwards
nodes
sionatrial node
a nerve impulse that sends a signal to contract the atrium
av node
found to the right of the septum
takes the impulse and transmits it to the bottom of the heard
bundles of hiss
down the septum
a collection of fibres that pass the signal along
purkingie fibers
brings impulse round to the bottom of the ventricle and around
around the bottom of the hert
cardiac muscle
very strong dense muscle
dosent get tired
steps
blood goes in
atrium contracts to move blood in to ventricle through tricuspid valve(right)
right ventricle contracts forcing blood through into the lungs
gas is exchanged
blood comes into the left atrium then the process is restarted but on the left side then in to the aorta and then the rest of the body
research the blood vesils and electrical impulse that makes your heart beat
respiration
equation: 6co + 6h20 = c6h1206 + 602
cellular respiration
the creation of energy using oxygen and glucose
lungs
larynx - voce box
trachea - air pipe in throat
rings of cartilage - protects the trachea
bronchus - two man pipes that split off from the rachea
heart - pumps blood to keep oxygen supply in cells
thoracic diaphragm - large muscle that tenses to expand the lungs
bronchioles - brznches out of the bronchus lead to the alvioli
alvioli - small sacs that are the site of gaseous exchange
inta/intracostal muscles - contracts and relax to push the ribs in and out.
plural fluid and membrane - fluid sac that surrounds the lungs to protect them
process
inhalation - diaphragm tenses and pulls down and the intercostal muscles also contract to pull your rib cage out
out - all muscles relax and intracostal muscles contract to pull the rib cage back down
gaseous echange
alvioli
one cell thick to reduce diffusion pathway
oxygen goes down the concentration gradient into the blood and the co2 moves down the concentration gradient to the lungs
cells
oxygen moves down the concentration gradient into the cell and the other way around for co2
capillaries supply all cells with oxygenated blood
respiration in birds
9 small none inflatable air sacs
air sacs don't play a role in gaseous exchange
most efficient repertory system
the separate air sacs store air to cause constant airflow through the lungs so that there is an efficient way to get oxygen to the wing muscles.
heamoglobin
300 million in each red blood cells
structure
haem group
iron molecule in haemoglobin that attaches to oxygen
4 molecules in each heamoglobin
foetal haemoglobin is used by foetuses because it picks up oxygen more easily
globin
protein structure that holds the haem group
3 types alpha, beta and gamma
globular peptide chains
quaternary structure
made up of 4 globin proteins and 4 haem groups
foetal haemoglobin is made of 2 alpha proteins ant two gamma protein
normal haemoglobin uses 2 alpha protines and 2 beta proteins
myoglobin
similar structure and role
stored in the muscles
stores oxygen in the muscles
lymphatic system
structure
kind of like blood vessils
lots of lymph nodes all around your body
roles
drains water and excess nutrients
transports fats ans lipid soluble vitamins
immune system
heart diseases
mitral valve disease
a disease that affects your mitral valve and causes it not to function poperly
it causes reduced heart function and some times a build up of plaque or other substances that can cause blockage
it can be caused by scaring in the heart or it is a birth defect
heart murmer
A heart murmur is an extra or unusual sound which may be heard. It may be caused by a related heart problem, but often there is no cause at all
A heart murmur itself doesn’t need treatment, but sometimes if the murmur is caused by a problem with your heart, then the cause of the murmur may need treatment
von wilebrands
Von Willebrand disease is a lifelong bleeding disorder in which your blood doesn't clot well.
The usual cause of von Wilebrand disease is an inherited abnormal gene
Von Wilebrand disease can't be cured. But with treatment and self-care, most people with this disease can lead active lives.