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Chapter 10 (Overcoming Danger in Group Discussion (unequal participation…

- - - - keep the group small
      - in large group, increase the contribution of quiet member by by soliciting their opinion
      - reinforce their contribution when reticent member do offer information
      - assign specific task to normally quiet members
      - use the nominal group technique to guarantee that the ideas of all member are heard
      - consider offering communication-friendly gathering areas
- - - - For many task, group have access to a greater collection of
        resources than do most individual
    - - Groups generate higher commitment to carry superior solutions out
      - participate decision making: a process when people contribute to the decision that will effect them
    - - A benefit of group work is the increased likelihood of catching errors
    - - working with others allow us to consider approaches and solutions we might not think of otherwise
- - - - revise the approach as necessary
      - meet to evaluate progress
    - - provide for emergencies
      - identify specific ideas
      - define individual responsibilities
      - determine necessary resources
    - - which solution will best produce the desire changes?
      - which solution contains the fewest serious disadvantages
      - which solution is the most achievable
    - - avoid criticism at this stage
      - encourage an unrestricted exchange of ideas
      - combine two or more individual ideas
      - develop a large number of ideas
    - - identify supporting and restraining forces
      - gather relevant information
      - identify criteria for success
      - word the problem as a broad open question
    - - determine individual members' goal
      - determine the group's goal
  - - - agreement among group members about a decision
    - - a naive belief of many people is that the democratic method of majority rule is always superior
    - - sometimes one group member is defined as an expert and, as such, is given the power to make decisions
    - - autocratic leaders most often use authority rule
      - the approach is also acceptable with routine matters that don't require discussion in order to gain approval
    - - sometimes a few members of a group decide matters
- - - - cohesiveness: the totality of forces that causes members to feel themselves part of the group and makes them want to remain in that group
      - highly cohesive group communicate differently than less cohesive ones. Members spend more time interacting, and there are more positive feeling for one another
      - However, cohesiveness is not a guarantee of success
      - Recognizing progress toward goals
        
        while a group is making progress, members feel highly cohesive
      - focus on shared or compatible goals
        
        people draw closer when their goals can be mutually satisfied
      - establish shared norms and values
        
        although successful groups will tolerate and even thrive on some differences, there still have to a be a regulation
      - minimize members' independence
        
        group become cohesive when their needs can be satisfied only with the help of other members
      - recognizing the threat from outside the group
        
        when member perceive a threat to the group's existence or image, they grow closer together
      - Develop mutual liking and friendship
        
        groups often come close just because the members like one another
      - share group experience
        
        when members have been through an unusual experience or trying experience, they draw together
    - - Orientation stage
        
        when group members became familiar with one another's position and question those of other
      - conflict stage
        
        when group member openly defend their position and question those of other
      - Emergence stage
        
        when a group moves from conflict toward a single solution
      - reinforcement stage
        
        when group members endorse the decision they have made
    - - focus group
        
        sponsoring organization often use focus group to learn how potential users or the public at large regards a new product or idea
      - parliamentary procedure
        
        this keeps a discussion on track
      - problem census
        
        member use a card to list each of their ideas and the leader collects all of it and read it to the the group one by one
      - panel discussion
        
        participants discuss their topic informally
      - breakout group
        
        breakout groups can be used to maximize effective participation when the number of member is too large
      - symposium
        
        the participants divide the topic in a manner that allows each member to deliver in-depth information without imterruption
      - forum
        
        allows nonmember to add their opinion to the group's deliberations before the group makes a decision
      - dialogue
        
        a process in which people let go of the notion that their ideas are more correct or superior others' and instead seek to understand an issue from many different perspectives
    - - no working hours
      - technology make it possible to collaborate from virtually anywhere , either in real time or asynchronously
      - the lack of meeting doesn't mean communication is limited