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Muscles (Effects this will have on his body (He will continue to suck all…
Muscles
Effects this will have on his body
Muscle mass will deteriorate even more because his body probably has no other energy source
He will continue to suck all those minerals and nutrients out of his bones so his skeleton may get weaker
If he is vegan he doesn't eat dairy which is a good source of calcium he will pull the calcium straight out of the bones in excess and not replace it
Vegetarians are also commonly deficient in iron which helps transporting oxygen to muscles
He doesn't like soy or tofu which are good sources of protein he is missing out on
He will burn a lot of fat but he doesn't have much
Since he is not getting electrolytes his nervous system may begin to shut down during heavy exercise
This can affect heart rate and blood pressure affecting the cardiovascular system
Transmitting nerve impulses may be interrupted
potentially life threatning
His immunity may go down depending on how weak he gets
Background
Muscle anatomy
Epimysium
Dends irregular connective tissue that covers the whole muscle
Muscle
Hundreds to thousands of muscle cells
Perimysium
Dense irregular connective tissue
Fascicle
Bundle of muscle cells segregated from the rest of the muscle by a sheath
Endomysium
Thin sleeve of fibrous connective tissue over fiber
Muscle fiber
Cell
myofibril
Organelle composed of bundles of myofilaments
Sarcomere
Segment of myofibril
Contractile unit composed of myofilaments
Thick filament
Myosin
Thin filament
Actin
A Band
Area of thick filaments mostly
I Band
Shrinks during contraction
Sarcolema
cell membrane of the muscle fiber
Excitation contraction coupling
Brain sends signal to neuron
Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft
Triggers chemically gated sodium ion channel proteins to open
Sodium goes through into the cell
Changes the charge makes it less negative
The positive charge opens voltage gated ion channels further down the muscle fiber
More Sodium goes in and potassium goes out
restoring the sodium concentration outside the cell, restoring the resting potential
Sodium potassium pump puts all the ions back to where they started to prepare to do all this again
action potential goes into the myofibrils
Active transport of the calcium pump, pumps calcium back into the terminal cisternae
restoring the negative state is called repolarization
Calcium is let out into the myofibril
Troponin binds to calcium and changes the shape of tropomyosin and moves it out of the way exposing active sites on actin
Sarcolema contains proteins sensitive to ACh
Muscle cell normal resting potential of -50 to-100 mV
Depolarization
causes a wavelike change in charge called the Action potential down the length of the muscle fiber
Action potential continues down the sarcoplasm by way of t-tubules
allows the signal to get to the myofibril
T- tubules lead to the terminal cisterns (modified sections of the sarcoplasmic reticulum)
Cisternae contain calcium
Myosin heads bind to actin
ATP is used to move the myosin head which slides the actin a little past the myosin
Myosin disconnects from actin and prepares to do it again
Actin gets pulled towards M line shortening the sarcomere which shortens the myofibril
This shortens the whole muscle fiber
Muscle fuels & compounds needed
ATP that is stored 4-6 seconds at most
Carbohydrates for energy
protein to build muscle
ATP supplies energy for contraction and operating sodium potassium pump
Direct phosphorylation
CP+ADP
= creatine and ATP
Anaerobic pathway
Glucose
Produces 2 ATP
Lactic acid released into blood
30-40 seconds of energy
Aerobic pathway
Glucose, pyruvic acid, and oxygen needed
free fatty acids and amino acids needed
Produces
32 ATP per glucose
Carbon Dioxide and Water
Hours of energy
Running
1st 3-5 seconds ATP that is stored in the muscles is used
Next 8-15 seconds muscles use creatine phosphate to produce ATP
After using up the ATP your body switches to the glycogen storage in your muscles which does not need oxygen
After the glycogen runs out your body you switch to aerobic respiration which is ATP using oxygen
Muscle fatigue
problem in excitation-contraction coupling
ionic imbalances
potassium accumulating in the t-tubules
This disturbs the membrane potential and halts the calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Lactic acid production
raises concentraion of hydrogen ions
The cause of all his issues are poor diet for what he is trying to do
Muscle loss
He is doing a lot of cardio
Cardio is good but he need to replenish
He needs to eat things that are high in protein if he wants to build muscle
A vegan diet and just drinking water is not going to do that
Fruit juices are not going to do that
Needs protein to rebuild muscle and carbs
Cramping and fatigue
If all he drinks is water the he will have severe cramping
He needs electrolytes
ionic imbalances contribute to fatigue
Lifestyle choices
Intense workout
Pros- if done correctly unlike this case the workout would be great for maintaining physical fitness
Cons- his diet is not enough to fuel this workout so it his taking on his body
Diet
Vegan and just water
Pros - almost none
This diet is very lacking in necessary proteins, and minerals.
he also needs extra electrolytes if he is running and working out a lot....gatorade
You can't lose weight and gain muscle mass at the same time