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Alzheimer's Disease ((Parkinsonian or extrapyramidal signs, Mood…
Alzheimer's Disease
Risk Factors
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Smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and inactivity,
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Low education, certain diets, and depression
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Loss of synapses, acetylcholine,
and other neurotransmitters
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Treatment
Symptomatic treatment: cholinesterase inhibitors and glutamate antagonists, affecting cognitive function
Disease Modifying: Majority of research is for these medications, centered on AB cascade and tau biology
Regenerative: hypothetical approach, hopes to regenerate diseased brain, replace lost neurons and circuitry
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Treatment focuses on utilization of devices to enhance impaired cognitive function, maintain unimpaired cognitive functions, and improve general state of health
Thorough history, including onset and progression of cognitive symptoms, and physical exam
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Mental status exam, bedside cognitive testing, neuropsychological exam,
Laboratory testing- basic to extensive, brain imaging testing
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Poor motor coordination, balance or gait disturbances
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Sensory perceptual changes, problems with sequencing motor tasks
Middle Stage AD: mod-severe cognitive impairment, impaired reasoning, judgement, and problem solving
Late Stage AD: little cognitive ability, unclear language, dependent for ADL, and incontinent
Early Stage AD: short-term memory loss, difficulty finding words, other cognitive issues, and mild problems with ADLS
End Stage AD: No significant function, no orientation to self, non-ambulatory/ bedbound, unable to eat
Mild cognitive impairment: mild memory loss, depression, anxiety
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Difficulty with problem solving,
judgment, etc
Initial symptoms: insidious and frequently attributed to forgetfulness, emotional disturbances, or other illnesses
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