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23 male pt. brought into the ER by brother. Pt is demonstrating severe…

- - - - Lung infection
        
        Breathing in foreign materials
        
        Aspiration
        
        Pneumonia
        
        Difficulty breathing
        
        Death
      - Blockage of main artery of lung
        
        Blood clot
        
        Pulmonary embolism
        
        Restricted blood flow
        
        Decrease oxygen level
        
        Difficulty breathing
        
        1 more item...
      - Spasms due to vocal cords
        
        laryngospasms
        
        Struggling to inhale
        
        Airway is blocked
        
        Difficulty breathing & talking& swallowing
        
        Death
      - Spasms in muscles that control breathing
        
        Bronchospasms
        
        Constriction of muscles in bronchioles
        
        Decreased airflow
        
        Difficulty breathing
        
        Death
  - - - Increase blood pressure
        
        Increase heart rate
        
        Bradyarrhythias
        
        Cardiac arrest
        
        Death
  - - - Enters the lymphatic vessels through deep wounds or contaminated needles.
        
        Causing infection in the blood
        
        Death
  - - - Brain
        
        Seizures
        
        Death
      - Spinal Cord
        
        Blocks nerve signal
        
        Spinal cord spasms
        
        Fracture
        
        Paralysis
  - - - Severe muscle spasms
        
        "Lockjaw"
        
        Difficulty talking
        
        Chewing
      - Jaw
    - - Severe muscle spasms
        
        Tear muscles
        
        Opisthotonos
        
        Paralysis
      - Spine
  - - - Muscle Spasm
        
        Swelling
        
        Pain
- - - - Lungs
        
        Pleural cavity
        
        Thoracic cavity
    - - Heart
        
        Pericardium
        
        Thoracic cavity
    - - Lymphatic vessels
        
        Spaces between cells throughout the body
    - - Central Nervous System
        
        Brain
        
        Skull
        
        Spinal cord
        
        Posterior Region of body
        
        Cervical Spine
        
        Thoracic Spine
        
        Lumbar spine
    - - Masseter muscles
        
        Jaw muscle
        
        Face
      - Skeletal muscles
        
        Posterior region
        
        Lumbar spine
        
        Thoracic spine
        
        Humerous, radius and ulna
        
        Upper arm
        
        Lower arm
        
        Spine
  - - - Single process
        
        Divides two branches
        
        One branch to CNS
        
        end of Spinal cord
        
        Periphery branch
        
        Skin
        
        Joints
        
        Muscles
        
        internal organs
    - - Two process
        
        Single axons
        
        Single dendrites
        
        Sense organs
        
        Retina of the eye
        
        Olfactory cells
    - - Multi process
        
        One axon
        
        Many dendrites
        
        In CNS
        
        Brain
        
        Spinal card
  - - - Respiratory system
        
        Lungs
        
        Breathing
      - Cardiovascular
        
        Heart
        
        Blood circulation
      - Lymphatic system
        
        Lymphatic vessels
        
        Blood production, maintenance of fluid balance, and defense against disease
      - Nervous system
        
        Spinal cord
        
        Provide structural support and balance
        
        Brain
        
        Communication between and coordination of all the body systems
      - Muscular system
        
        Skeletal muscle
        
        Spine
        
        Supports body, facilitates movement, & protects internal organs.
        
        Masseter muscle
        
        Jaw
        
        Muscle that helps to pull the lower jaw upward, which causes the jaws to close while chewing.
      - Skeletal system
        
        Humerous, Radius, Ulna
        
        Movement
        
        Support
    - - Unipolar
        
        Sensory neuron
        
        Afferent neuron
        
        Collects information from receptors
        
        Sends info to CNS
        
        Presynaptic neuron
        
        Sends info Periphery branch
        
        Presynaptic neuron
      - Bipolar
        
        Sensory neuron
        
        Interneurons
        
        Process the information & predict the right response.
        
        CNS
        
        Help react to external stimuli.
        
        Postsynaptic neuron
      - Multipolar
        
        Motor neuron
        
        Efferent neuron
        
        Send directions for the right response.
        
        Involuntary & voluntary movement
        
        Presynaptic neuron
    - - Depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential
        
        Neurotransmitters opens chemically gated ion channels
        
        Na+ enters cell & K+ outside cell
        
        Allows to send message
        
        Fire action potential
        
        ESPSs brings neuron closer to threshold s
        
        Positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell
    - - Hyperpolarize of postsynaptic membrane potential
        
        Negatively charged ion into the postsynaptic cell
        
        Neurotransmitter GABA opens chemically gated ion channels
        
        Cl- ion inside the cell or K+ ion outside the cell
        
        Don't Fire
        
        No action potential
        
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    - - Tetanospasmin
        
        Binds to presynaptic terminal
        
        Retrograde axonal transport to CNS inhibitory interneurons
        
        Transcytosis from axon to inhibitory interneurons
        
        Blockage of neurotransmitters GABA ( inhibit motor neurons)
        
        Blocking GABA causes violent spams
        
        1 more item...
    - - An action potential arrives at the axon terminal and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open causing an influx of Ca2+ into the axon terminal.
        
        The influx of Ca2+ into axon terminal causes the exocytosis of ACh into the synaptic cleft.
        
        ACh then binds to receptors on the motor end plate (of muscle cell). If the end plate reaches threshold, an action potential is propagated on the sarcolemma and down the T tubules
        
        Causes depolarization of the T tubules and causes the release of Ca2+ from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
        
        Movement of Ca2+ into the muscle cell causes Ca2+ to bind to troponin, which moves tropomyosin, exposing the myosin-binding active sites on G actin.
        
        Myosin heads then form cross bridges to the G actin and immediately pivot toward the M line causing chemically activated muscle contraction.
        
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    - - Temporal summation
        
        One presynaptic neurone releases neurotransmitter many times over a period of time.
        
        Higher the frequency of the action potential the more quickly the threshold may be exceeded.
        
        The temporal summation occurs when the presynaptic action potentials occur in quick succession.
        
        The time frame is dependent upon the passive properties of the membrane, specifically the time constant.
        
        A single action potential in sensory neuron 1 produces a 1-mV EPSP in the motor neuron
      - Spatial summation
        
        Multiple presynaptic neurones together release enough neurotransmitter (ACh) to exceed the threshold of the postsynaptic neuron.
        
        Threshold may be exceeded and an action potential generated.
        
        Summation brings the axon's initial segment to threshold and AP fires.
        
        Spatial summation in nerve cells occurs because of the space constant, the ability of a charge produced in one region of the cell to spread to other regions of the cell.