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classifications and systematics (cladistics (understanding cladograms…
classifications and systematics
levels of taxonomic categories
species- set of individuals closely related by descent from a common ancestor
members can interbreed
genera- closely related species are grouped together; genus- singular
monophyletic - all of the species is related to a common ancestor , descendant of the common ancestor are in the same genus
polyphyletic- members of a species has evolved from several ancestors
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family- level above genus
order, class, division, kingdom, all above family
division names end in -phyta, class names: -opsida, order names: - ales, and family names: -aceae
species epithet- word that distinguishes species
cladistics
understanding cladograms
cladogram- diagram that shows evolutionary patterns by means of a series of branches
node- branches of cladogram: represents the divergence of one taxon into two
ancestor is the common ancestor
clade= ancestor + any node + all branches
apomorphy- derived characteristic
paraphyletic group- one that does not contain all of the descendants of the most recent common ancestor
parsimony- concept of minimum complexity
cladograms and taxonomic categories
evidence that angiosperms diverged into several clades
basal angiosperms- not given a formal taxonomic name
rest of dicots are called eudicots
method to analyzing phylogenetic groups
synapomorphies- shared derived character
other types of classification systems
artificial systems of classification
classification not based on evolution, but on other characteristics
goal- easy plant identification by means of obvious characters such as flower color and plant habit
may group plants together based on economically/ scientifically important features
only used as adjuncts to natural systems
classification systems for fossils
combines features of both artificial and natural systems
goal- understand evolution of fossils and to identify both its ancestors and relatives
groupings are from genera
taxonomic studies
easy to declare a new species, hard to prove and describe it
type specimen- single specimen that is the absolute standard for the species and its scientific name
major lines of evolution
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all organisms grouped in 3 domains- archae, bacteria, and eukarya
evolutionary events- conversion of prokaryote to eukaryote and origin of life
this is an image of a cladogram
this is an image of taxonomic classifications
this is an image of other groups of classifications
a cladogram may by monphyletic of polyphyletic
many species evolve from a common ancestor
a cladogram shows major lines of evolution