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Sensation (1) (Eye (Transduction Pathway (Retina (Photoreceptors (Rods…

- - - - Brightness
    - - Purity
    - - Hue/Color (ROYGBIV)
  - - - Photoreceptors
        
        Rods
        
        Peripheral vision
        
        Sensitive to dim light
        
        Cones
        
        Sensitive to color and acuity (clarity)
        
        Needs light
      - Fovia
        
        Central point of retina that has only cones; area of sharpest vision
    - - Transmits message from photoreceptors to the ganglion cells
    - - Opening for light
    - - Long intertwined axons that form the optic nerve
    - - Muscle that contracts and expands to change size of the pupil for light to enter
      - Color of the eye
    - - Sends action potential from the eye to the thalamus
      - Optic Chiasm
        
        Crossing (X formation) of the 2 optic nerves so that each hemisphere of the brain gets 50% of the optic nerve from each visual field
    - - Transparent tissue where light enters
    - - Focuses light rays on retina
      - Accommodation: The lens bends depending on the distance it is focusing on (curved when close, flat when far)
  - - - Cells in the brain that detects details like movement, shape, and angles
    - - Part of retina with no photoreceptors
    - - The bran divides a visual scene into subdivisions: color, depth, form, movement
  - - - Close objects appear clearly but far objects do not
    - - Far objects appear clearly but close objects do not
  - - - Three types of cones:
        One for red, blue and green
      - Combine together to allow us to perceive color
    - - 4 primary colors in pairs:
        blue-yellow, red-green, black-white
      - Color receptors sense color and fire the opposite color
      - Explains afterimage
- - - - Complexity
    - - Loudness
    - - Frequency/Pitch
  - - - Damage to the eardrum or ossicles (mechanical)
      - Cure: Hearing aids
    - - Damage to cochlear nerve cells or the auditory nerve (disease; hereditary
      - Cure: Cochlear implants
  - - - Auditory Canal
        
        Connects the pinna to the eardrum
      - Eardrum/Tympanic Membrane
        
        Vibrates when sound hits it and moves the ossicles
      - Pinna
        
        Funnels and collects sound
    - - Oval Window
        
        Connects the ossicles to the cochlea
      - Ossicles
        
        Incus (Anvil)
        
        Receives vibrations from the hammer and transmits it to the stapes
        
        Stapes (Stirrup)
        
        Receives vibration from the anvil to the cochlea
        
        Malleus (Hammer)
        
        Receives vibrations from ear drum and transmits it to incus
    - - Basilar Membrane
        
        Vibrates in the cochlea in order for the cochlea to detect sound
      - Auditory Nerve
        
        Transmits an action potential to the thalamus
      - Cochlea
        
        Converts vibrations to a neural signal using the cochlear liquids
  - - - Explains the detection of low frequencies
      - Rate of nerve impulse matches the frequency of the tone
    - - Neural cells can alternate firing so they can achieve a combined perceived frequency of over 1000 times per second
    - - Hairs vibrate at a low or high frequency
      - Explains the detection on high frequencies
      - Sound frequency stimulates the basilar membrane at a specific place resulting perceived pitch