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ANIMALS (SPONGES (PHYLUM PORIFERA) - first reefs built by coralline algae…

- - - - MYOMEROZOA - mesoderm is segmented and from somites that make blocks of muscle, muscle fibers are oriented longitudinally, fibers divided horizontally into myomeres of blocks of muscle, adjacent myomeres separated by myosepta (forms zigzags, adaptation for swimming?, myomeres attached to rod formed by notochord, notochord stiffens body, myomeres flex notochord from side to side to push animal through water
        
        "FISHES" - any vertebrate that swims and breaths w/ gills, describes lifeform not clade,
        
        VERTEBRATA - heart regulated by nervous system, heart is muscular pump that pushes blood through circulatory system, have liver, spleen, kidneys, endocrine glands (secrete hormones), brain is enclosed inside skull made of bone, mineralization of skeleton accumulates calcium phosphate, bone is living tissue, string, powerful movements, notochord replaces by backbone, it is a series of hollow bones that form a sleeve around nerve chord, provide anchors for muscles,
        
        CHONDRICHTHYES - SHARKS AND RAYS, live in Oceans, rays are flat and highly adapted bodies, sharks are more numerous than rays, whale sharks are largest fish (filter feeders), internal fertilization, live young, breathe through gills, no gill covers, 5 to 7 gill slits, must constantly swim, no buoyancy organ, caudal fin (asymmetrical), two dorsal fins (prevent rolling), pectoral and pelvic fins (make shark go up or down, stop, and sharp turns), caudal pushes sharks down, other fins counteract this, cartilage skeleton, reinforced w/ granules of calcium carbonate, for flexibility, skin covered in scales, teeth developed from these scales inside mouth, teeth are not anchored in jaws, lose and replace teeth easily, lateral line (senses pressure waves), keen smell, smell used to identify food, vision once food located, "ampullae of Lorenzini" to detect heartbeats or prey struggling, detects electrical field produced by muscles,
        
        OSTEICHTHYES - BONY FISH, amino acids are building blocks of proteins, must get aromatic amino acids from diet, have dermal bones and endochondral bones (cartilage from embryo replaced w/ bone tissue, internal skeleton made of bone, flexible, bony scales on body, fins supported by bony rays, respire by passing water across gills, 1 gill opening on each side of head, covered by stuff operculum, controlled by head muscles, it pulls water in and forces is over gills, have air sacs connected to digestive track, is a buoyancy organ called a swim bladder, can control buoyancy, have a caudal tail, dorsal fin, anal fin, pectoral and pelvic fins, have lateral line system, senses pressure, allows fish to determine speed, allows to detect motionless objects, single loop circulation (blood to gills for O2, through body, returns to heart, back to lungs), heart has 2 chambers,
        
        ACTINOPTERYGII - RAY-FINNED FISH, fins are colapsable die to bony rays, fins have no muscle, muscle in body move fins, TELEOSTS - 50% of all vertebrates, wide range of habitats, 50% of all species live in oceans, MENHADEN - important to U.S. history, most important fish in north Atlantic ocean, giants schools, used for oil and animal feed, feed on algae, control algal blooms, declining population linked to red tides?
        
        SARCOPTERYGII - LOBE FINNED FISH, pelvic and pectoral fins consist of long muscular tube, supported by central core of bones that form joints, rays only occur at tip of each fin, muscles in each lobe move each fin ray independently (like fingers)
        
        ACTINISTIA - COELACANTHS - only living member of clade left, believed to be extinct until found in Africa in 1938, caudal fin has three lobes, first dorsal fin have large hollow spines, paired fins have long, fleshy lobes, very manerverable
        
        TETRAPODS - four limbs, paired limbs w/ digits, pectoral girdle separated from head by neck, historically 4 classes but now different
        
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        PETROMYZONTIFORMES - LAMPREYS, some freshwater, most live in oceans as adults and freshwater as larvae, have a single nostril, 1 or 2 dorsal fins and caudal fin, no paired fins, skeleton made of cartilage, skull, backbone, no jaws, sucker like mouth w, rows of teeth and rasp tongue, typically external parasites, SEAW LAMPREYS, Welland Canal allowed for them to enter great lakes, caused major colapse of whitefish and lake trout, government now controls
        
        MYXINOIDEA - HAGFISH, similar today to ancient ancestors, brain is enclosed inside skull of cartilage, no backbone, paddle-like tailfin, live in oceans, bury in bottom, emerge to feed, no jaws, have an extendible "rasping tongue", impressive amounts of slime, clog gills
        
        CEPHALOCHORDATA - LANCELETS, somewhat fish like but no head, skull, fins, or scales, too many pharyngeal slits to be fish, "tentacles" around mouth, shallow oceans on sandy or muddy bottoms w/ posterior buried, filter feeders, cilia lining digestive track pulls water into mouth, water is passed through pharynx and out pharyngeal slits
      - UROCHORDATA
        
        TUNICATES - live in oceans from shallow to deep waters, larvae tad-pole shaped, notochord stiffens in tail of larvae, tail moves side to side to propel through water, adults show no characteristics, bag-shaped body w/ pharyngeal cavity, complex internal anatomy based on organ systems, sessile filter feeders, incurrent and excurrent siphons connected by tube, surrounded by tough sack of tunicin (like cellulose), called a tunic, SEA SQUIRTS example of this taxon
    - - OPHIUROIDEA - BRITTLE STARS, common on continental shelf in abyssal depths of oceans, 5-sides central disk, ringed with slender arms, mouth on ventral surface, anus on doral surface, use tube feet for feeding not movement, swim w/ thrashing arms side-to-side, most active, lose arms very easily, regenerate quickly
      - ECHINOIDEA - SEA URCHINS AND SAND DOLLARS, no arms, mouth on ventral, anus on dorsal, jaw apparatus called ARISTOTLE'S LANTERN, ossicles of endoskeleton fuse to form solid shell around their body, rows of tube feet protrude through endoskeletons, occur in multiples of 5, bodies covered in moveable spines, walk w/ these and tube feet SEA URCHINS-rounded body, longer spines than sand dollars, Aristotle's lantern have 5 grinding teeth, carnivores and scavengers, also eat kelps and seaweed, can destroy kelp forests "urchin barrens", SAND DOLLARS - eat any organic material, "doves" are teeth in Aristotle's lantern
      - ASTEROIDEA - SEA STARS, most abundant on coral reefs, range in size, brightly colored, 5-sided central disk ringed by arms, arms in multiples of 5, mouth on ventral surface, anus on doral surface, arms taper gradually from central disk, each arm has an ocellus and its tip, tube feet on ventral surface of arms, tube feet for moving and feeding, PEDICELLARIAE, scattered among spines, small appendages tipped with pincers, keeps skin of encrusting organisms, have their own muscles and nerves, respond reflexively to envrio, important predators, crown of thorns eat corals, some specialize in eating bivalves, wraps around shell and invert stomach into gap in shell, excretes enzymes and absorbs,
      - HOLOTHUROIDEA - SEA CUCUMBERS, sausage shaped body, leathery skin, no arms, occur at all depths, lay on side on ocean bottom, symmetry hard ro detect, mouth surrounded by "tentacles"(modified tube feet), use to filter food out of water, anus used for both excretion and respiration, anus is at end of digest track, "respiratory tree" attached to anus, is threatened releases sticky "Cuvierian tubules" from bas of respire tree, distracts predators and may glue mouth shut, if really scared will eject internal organs to distract pred, crawl away and regenerate organs later
      - CRINOIDEA - SEA LILLIES AND FEATHER STARS, central body is 5-sided disk, mouth and anus on doral side of disk, rimed w/ many arms, arms covered w/ mass #s of feet, filter feeders w/ tube feet, feet pass food to mouth, SEA LILLIES - greater depths, flower shaped body, attaches to sea floor w/ stalk, FEATHER STARS - central disk w. arms that detach from stalk early, shallower depths, more common, swim by moving arms,
  - - - TARDIGRADES
        
        "water bears", 1/2 mm long, cylindrical body, four pairs of short legs, each leg has 4 to 8 mobile claws, two stylets to pierce food, pull in food through pharynx contractions, feed on plant cells, some are carnivores, feed on organic debris, live in tiny spaces between particles, films of water covering moss leaves, moist environments, single pair of photoreceptors, pseudo coelom, breath through body surface, complete digestive track, no respiratory system, enter "cryptobiosis' when in unfavorable environment and form a "tun", incredibly resistant, "tardigrade-specific- intrinsically disordered proteins, turn fluid in their cells into glass, can be reanimated after 10 years, resistant to x-rays, survived spaceship crash and continued to repoduce
      - ARTHROPODS - very successful group, abundant in almost all habitats, among first to invade land, exoskeleton works well on land and in water, largest branch of living world,
        
        bilaterally symmetrical protostomes, coelom forms within mesoderm, segmented body, PAIRED JOINTED APPENDAGES W/ CLAWS AT TIPS, critically important pollinators of many plants we eat, most important herbivores in terrestrial communities, important food chain links, nutrient recycling, unifying body plan, no cilia, successive identical segments, body units called "tagma" (head, thorax, abdomen), appendages like a tool kit, joints do not rotate, so many joints close together to try to mimic this motion, exoskeleton made of chitin and protein, skin produces skeleton, muscles attach to inner surface, skeleton conserves water, and protects from predators, must molt in order to grow larger, ocelli (dark and light), or compound eyes (independent lenses)(detect tiny movements)
        
        CHILOPODA - CENTIPEDE, have mandibles, unbranched appendages, uniramous, excretory system based on Malpighian Tubules (collect nitrogen waste and regulate salt and water balance), respiratory system of trachea (air-filled tubes through body), external openings of trachea called spiracles, internal fertilization, each segment has 1 pair of legs, quick, active predators, hunt under things, appendages on head modified into fangs w/ poison glands, Common House Centipede (harmless to humans)
        
        PANCRUSTACEA - CRUSTACEANS, unbranched appendages, uniramous, excretory system based on Malpighian Tubules (collect nitrogen waste and regulate salt and water balance), respiratory system of trachea (air-filled tubes through body), external openings of trachea called spiracles, internal fertilization, technically part of insects, live in oceans, NAUPLIUS larva, segments usually have 1 pair of appendages, biramous appendages (2 branches), 2 pairs of antennae, 3 pairs of mouthparts (1 is mandibles),
        
        MAXILLOPODA - BANACLES, intertidal zones, calcium carbonate shell, ecologically convergent with bivalves, Nauplius larvae, cements head to submerged object, extremely strong adhesives, adults are filter feeders, use feathery legs to get food, bad on ship hulls, expensive to remove, COPEPODS - range in size, live as plankton, very abundant, important food,
        
        MALACOSTRACA
        
        DECOPODS - cephalothorax, calcium carbonate shield, anterior thpracic appemdages are large claws, for defence and food, 4 pairs of legs on thorax, 2 claws, eight legs (10), swimmerets on ventral surface (paddles), segmented abdomen, use paddle tail to propel backwards to escape, CRAWFISH, tails is also counterweight to claws, important food for humans, shrimp farming, important food chain links, KRILL,
        
        ISOPODS - legs along length of body, many live in oceans, some in freshwater, some terrestrial, ROLY-POLYS, can curl into ball when threatened, feed on living plants, decaying plants, animal wastes, like Earthworms, accumulate heavy metals in body die to metabolism, bio-prospectors, ecolgocal indicators
        
        DIPLOPODA - MILIPEDES, have mandibles, unbranched appendages, uniramous, excretory system based on Malpighian Tubules (collect nitrogen waste and regulate salt and water balance), respiratory system of trachea (air-filled tubes through body), external openings of trachea called spiracles, internal fertilization, feed on decaying vegetation, cylindrical body, each segment has 2 pairs of short legs, burrow w/ short legs, thick exoskeleton on head, roll body in defense, every segment has glands w/ foul-smelling fluid, bright colors, both to fend off predators,
        
        ARACHNIDA - do not have antennae or jaws, front appendages called chelicerae (processing food), 2nd pair called pedipalps (catch prey), next 4 pairs are legs, carnivores that liquify food before eating, digestive enzymes
        
        SPIDERS - 2 tagmata - Cephalothorax (sense organs, food processing, legs, ocelli) and abdomen (digest, excrete, .reproduce, silk produce systems, spinnerets), important in tereestrial food chains, chelicerae tipped w/ fang attached to poison gland, venom affects nervous systems and digests protiens, pierce exoskeleton with fangs, inject poison to paralyze prey and start digestive process, sil is structural protein, silk is liquid but hardens when touches air, can have 7 silk glands all with diff purpose, use as shroud, egg cocoon, lining, dragline, ballooning, make webs, spin quickly, can sense vibrations in web, webs do not last long, spider will eat leftover silk to preserve protiens, silk is very strong but elastic, goat's milk silk (DNA), Some species are active hunters and do not trap prey in silk, females are larger than males, mating is risky, courtship ritual, females will eat males so males are cautious, if courted males transfers sperm through pedipalps, males are often killed afterwards to preserve successful genes and to provide nutrients to developing embryos,
        
        MITES - very small, poorly studied in diversity, found in almost all habitats, most ecologically and economically important Arachnids, many are herbivores (spider mites), abundant in soil, feed on decaying organic matter (Dust Mites and Skin Scales), some are carnivores, many are parasites, FOLLICLE MITES - around base of hairs in almost all mammals, feed on secretions w/ no symptoms, CHIGGERS - burrow into skin, produce inflammation and itching, TICKS - largest mite, external parasites, spread diseases, Lyme disease, spotted fever, Alpha-Gal,
        
        HEXOPODA - INSECTS, abundant in almost all habitats, rare in oceans, 3 tagmata, head(sense organs, mouthparts), thorax (3 pairs of legs, 2 pairs of wings), abdomen (digest, excrete, and reproduce systems), wings are extensions of exoskeletons, 3 advantages to wings, 1) wide food search, 2) wide mate search. 3) escape from danger, incomplete metamorphosis (only molting until adult, nymphs, larvae look like adults), Complete metamorphosis (most insects, larvae are diff, eat and molt and grow, eventually form pupa, reform body into adult, diff body forms for diff purposes), important pollinators, manure management, important in food chain, agricultural pests, (COLORADO POTATO BEETLES), can devastate bio communities (Adelgids), can carry serious diseases, (malaria, black plague),
        
        DIPTERA - TRUE FLIES, one pair of wings, agile, compound eyes, detect small movement, specialized mouthparts (slicing-horseflies, piercing-mosquitos, sponging-houseflies etc.), complete metamorphosis, larvae called maggots (no head or legs), live on decaying organic material, important pollinators, malaria, taste w/ feet, spread germs through feet contact, diarrheal diseases, maggots sed to clean wounds, practiced now in modern times, eat only dead tissue, also eat bacteria,
        
        HYMENOPTERA - ANTS, WASPS, BEES, 2 pairs of wings, rear wings smaller, front and rear wings hook together, chewing mouthparts, "tongue" to sip nectar, egg laying tube sometimes modified into stinger w/ poison gland, complex societies, complete metamorphosis, fertilized eggs make females, unfertilized are males, bees most important pollinator, 1 queen per colony (controls societies activity, lays eggs), drones (males, no sting, only used for mating w/ queen, will be driven out), workers (majority, sterile females, stinger, kills bee, maintain society), eat pollen and drink nectar, brings back for storage, explicit language, "waggle dance", communicate distance of flowers, only feed one 1 type of flower at a time, nests called hives, honeycombs (6-sided, beeswax, produces under abdomens of workers, each comb has diff function) store honey, pollen, or young, make honey from nectar
        
        LEPIDOPTERA - BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, four large membranous wings, brightly colored, color comes from covering of pigmented scales, touching wings rubs of scales and can injure them, mouthparts are longs tube for sipping, important pollinators, complete metamorphosis, larvae called caterpillars (head, jaws, legs along body, herbivores, spin silk), butterflies diurnal, communicate through sight and smell, hold wings vertically, smooth, knob-tipped antennae, pupa is chrysalis made of chitin, moths nocturnal, use smell, hold wings like tent or flat on background, great camo, eyespots on wings, startle predators, feathery antennae, silk cocoon, source of silk cloth, agricultural pests (gypsy moths), defoliates forests, kills trees, spreading south,
        
        COLEOPTERA - BEETLES, chewing mouthparts, variety of foods, carnivores and herbivores, scavenger and decomposers, tough front wings, front wings are cover to rear wings, rear wings used to fly, complete metamorphosis, larvae called grubs (head, jaws, legs near head), BOLL WEEVILS, important pest of cotton, larvae eats cotton bolls, extreme losses, changed couthern agriculture to peanuts (Carver), herbivores to control pest today (dangerous), EMERALD ASH BORERS, grubs feed on inner bark of Ash, killed hundreds of trees, set quarantines, costed millions of dollars,
      - NEMATODES - body plan is efficient at burrowing, rapid recycling of carbon, inconspicuous but extremely successful, ecologically diverse, found in almost all habitats, free-living, nutrient cycling, unsegmented cylindrical body, no cilia or flagella, covered by thick cuticle made of collagen, replaces chitin, only longitudinal muscle, thrashing motion, coelom forms between mesoderm and endoderm, complete one-way digestive track, runs from mouth to anus, stylet (extendible piercing organ used for feeding), contractions of pharynx pull food into their mouth, posterior reabsorbs water, helps with water balance, helps with life on land, Separate sexes, males are smaller than females, males have distinctive curve in tail, important test organisms, development is simple,
        
        Many are parasites, Ascaris Spp. (Human Roundworms), most common nematode parasite, live in small intestine, fertilized eggs pass out feces, resistant to many conditions, survive in soil for 10 years, once ingested hatches into larvae, burrow into intestine walls into blood stream, blood carries them through heart to lungs, burrow into bronchia, crawl to pharynx and are swallowed back to intestines, mature in intestines. Hookworms - males are smaller, adults live in small intestines, latch onto intestines, drink blood, eggs pass in feces, usually spread by children, can cause ground itch, carried through blood to lungs, same process as roundworms, can cause chronic anemia, stunt growth and affect brain development, makes host more susceptible to secondary infections,
    - - PLATYHELMINTHES (FLATWORMS) - not many good fossils, DO NOT HAVE A CORONA, soft ribbon shaped body, have tissues and organs, breath through skin, hermaphroditic, partners fertilize each other, rudimentary nervous systems, eyespots (reaction nerves), incomplete digestive tract (mouth only opening), contractions in upper gut to suck food inside, GVS highly branched, extends through whole body, excretory system based on flame cells (named for flickering cells, maintain water balance)
        
        TURBELLARIAS - free-living, cilia, in oceans, freshwater, mm long, some found in warm moist terrestrial habitats, carnivores and scavengers, suction with pharynx (extendable tube on ventral surface like a vacuum)
        
        PLANARIAN - able to regenerate if split or cut, often used in labs, test organisms or behavioral studies, can learn, white/black maze, can go against instinct to camouflage and learn to solve maze, negative reinforcement, can be feed ro another to pass on knowledge, learning is a chemical balance
        
        PARASITIC FLATWORMS - Usually internal parasites but some are external in mucus membranes, produce long term debilitating but non-fatal infestations, we do not develop immunity, live in intestines or internal organs, flush out eggs through human feces,
        
        CESTODA (TAPEWORMS) - most highly specialized animal parasites, live within vertebrate digestive track, feed on digested food passing through intestines, no cilia, no sensory organs, no mouth, no digestive system, absorb food through skin, 3 regions: scolex (suckers and hooks to attach to host), neck (continuously forms proglottids from base), proglottids (repeating segments, hermaphroditic unit), egg proglottids continually shredded and grown back, terminal proglottids w/ embryos evacuated through feces
        
        BEEF TAPWORMS - (human tapeworms named after intermediate host), beef tapeworms most common in U.S., once proglottids leave human, they rupture and scatter tapeworm embryos, cattle ingest embryos, larvae burrow through walls of intestines, carries by blood stream to organs or muscles, form cysts, CALLED BLADDERWORM, human eats, cysts hatched, repeat, small chance of getting infected but still possible,
        
        TAPEWORM INFESTATION - tapeworms rob nutrients and vitamins, if large infestation their secretions may cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite, or even death, historically sold as diet aids, very dangerous to do this but effective,
        
        TREMATODA (FLUKES) - most species are internal parasites of animals, may attach inside nostril, mouth, or near anus, feed on blood through mouth, no sensory organs,
        
        HUMAN LIVER FLUKES - common in Asia, 1-2 cm, eggs passed in feces, snail decomposed waste, non-swimming liver fluke larvae produced in snail, grow inro free swimming larvae, escape from snail, encounter fish, burrow into muscles, form cysts, human east fish, cysts dissolve in stomach, migrate to liver and mature, may live 15 - 30 years, may lead to cirrhosis and death
        
        FLUKES AND ZOMBIE SNAILS - songbirds in Europe have Flukes in gut, fluke eggs pass in droppings, snails eat droppings, eggs hatch in snail, larvae bore though gut into liver, multiply and transform, every morning larvae migrate to eyestalks, makes eyestalks green and think, make them pulsate, control snails behavior (diurnal), attract birds with eye stalks, bird eats eyestalks, develop into adults in bird, repeat
      - MOLLUSCA - soft-body, no protective covering, remain moist by living in moist habitats, unsegmented, ancestors were worm like w/ calcium carbonate shell, wide range of habitats, oceans, freshwater, deserts, rainforests, mountains, coelom entirely in mesoderm, allows tissues to interact directly which allows development of highly specialized structures such as stomach, hydrostatic skeleton, have a circulatory system, most live within a shell w 3 layers, outer layer (protein-rich, helps from being dissolved), middle (calcium carbonate for strength), inner (satiny, smooth layer to protect body), have head-foot (anterior head, obtains food, sensory organs and radula {tounge like extendable organ used for feeding, like a drill}
        
        BODY PLAN - HEAD FOOT (anterior head, obtains food, sensory organs W/ RADULA {tounge like extendable organ used for feeding, like a drill}, may be modified for locomotion, may be modified for attachment or capturing food), VISCERAL MASS (digestive reproductive, circulatory, and excretory systems, excretory systems based on nephridia {collect and dispel nitrogen-rich wastes}), and MANTLE (layer of outer tissue that drapes mass, secretes the shell, gap between mantle and visceral mass called a mantle cavity, LARVAE - disperse from place to place during larvae stage, larval stage called a TROCHOPHORE, 2nd phase of larvae called a VELIGER
        
        GASTROPODA - largest number of named species in mollusks, mostly in oceans, few freshwater, some terrestrial, body in worm-like, cephalization, mantle only covers visceral mass, one or two pairs of tentacles w/ eyes called eyestalks, ventral surface is elongated muscular foot, move by rippling muscles on foot, front edge secretes mucus to glide across, TORSION (twisting or larval body to bring anus towards mouth), single, coiled shell, slugs and nudibranchs do not have shells and de-torsion,some snails are eaten, many snails are intermediate hosts for parasitic worms,
        
        PREDATORY GASTROPODS - CONE SHELLS - use radula to inject extremely lethal venom into prey, produces paralysis quickly flowed by death, prized by collectors but have to be carefully handled NUDIBRANCHS - brightly colored , feathery dorsal tentacles, some float near surface and eat Sea Jellies, others crawl through coral reefs and eat sponges, anemones, and corals, cnidocytes are undigested and untriggered, migrate to dorsal tentacles, use cnidocytes for extra protection
        
        CEPHALOPODA - all live in oceans, well-developed head w/ concentration of nerves, mantle only covers visceral mass, highly developed nervous system, giant nerve cells (AXONS) used to investigate how nerve impulses traveled, foot has been modified into multiple prehensile tentacles used to gather food, octopus has 8, squid has 10 (2 longer, 8 shorter), tentacles have sucked to handle prey, suckers can taste, have a tube-like siphon near front of mantle, can swim quickly by pulling water in mantle and squirting it out siphon, have a gland with dark ink, ink impairs smell, taste, and visibility, are visually oriented, sharp vision
        
        COLOR CHANGE - both squid and octopuses can change color to camoflouge themselves, this ability is based on as many as 30,000 pigment cells per square inch of skin, control these cells directly from nervous system, can change in less than a second, some species have complex visual language, cephalopods are easily as intelligent as dogs, significant predators, hunt in packs, use suction cups, pads, or hooks on tentacles to seize prey, hemocyanin (copper based blood), blood id blue, this makes them lacking in stamina,
        
        CHAMBERED NAUTILUS - only living cephalopods with a shell, posterior of shell has gas-filled tanks, can adjust buoyancy to float at ant depth,
        
        HUMBOLT SQUID - 6 feet long, a hundred pounds, highly aggressive and highly intelligent, hunt in packs, fishermen in Sea of Cortez call them Diablos Rojos, will attack humans
        
        GIANT SQUID - sometimes referred to as the Kraken, largest animals w/o a backbone, 40 ft on washed up in New Zealand in 1933, first one alive seen in Japan 2005, June 2019 first seen in U.S. COLOSSAL SQUID - most massive animals w/o a backbone, one caught in Antarctica weighed over 1,000 pounds
        
        OCTOPUSES - solitary hunters of coral reefs and rocky shores, can squeeze into tiny cracks and crevices, used in many studies in learning, high intelligence, content to live in confined spaces, solve mazes readily, learn quickly, remember what they learned, use siphon as a tool, display distinct personality traits, often given names, often engage in play (repetitive behavior unrelated to food or reproduction), octupuses sleep in a metabolic sense, similar to REM,
        
        BIVALVIA - most in oceans but many in freshwater too, great size range, greatly reduce head, no radula, mantle envelops entire body, spade-like foot, extend out of shells to use to dig, sophisticated sensory organs, detect touch, chemical changes, and light, bivalves get name bc they live in a pair of heavy calcium carbonate shells, shells hinged on elastic ligament, held shut by contracting powerful adductor muscles, (CALLED SCALLOPS), some have powerful glue on shells to hold shut, 1,000 lbs/in2, are filter feeders, mantle forms TWO SIPHONS (one for intake and one for outflow), typically sessile feeders, picks food out of water that flows over gills, can filter 6 gallons of water per day,
        
        REPRODUCTION - separate sexes, fertilization is external, sperm and eggs released into water, sperm swims to egg, larval mortality is great, must produce vast numbers, (a giant clam can produce a billion eggs at a time), oysters, clams, mussels, and scallops eaten as shellfish, satiny inner layer of shell called mother-of-pearl, harvested to make inlays and buttons, in sand or other partivle gets inside shells, inner layer secrets layers around it and forms pearl, Columbus found many pearl oysters, were highly prized in 15th cent Europe, Spain continued to make expeditions to the New World for these pearls
        
        ZEBRA MUSSELS - aggressive invasive species in North American lakes and rivers, introduced from Russia, size of fingernail, a few dumped in Lake St. Clair near Detriot and have spread to Tennessee and Ohio rivers, seen in Knox, require hard surface to attach to, seldom occur below 60 ft, only feed during warmer months, reproduce at astonishing rate, clog intake pipes, build colonies on top of native species which kills them off, could eliminate all native species eventually,
        
        NATIVE FRESHWATER MUSSELS - drainage of Tennessee River home to richest diversity of freshwater mussel species, Clinton TN was a major international pearl market, males release sperm into water, filter out by females, fertilization inside shells, larvae less than 0.1 in long, called GLOCHIDIA released by females, glochidia parasitic on fish, shells have teeth on margins, females of many species have portion of mantle adapted to draw fish by for glochidia to latch on to, glochidia latches onto gills of fish and forms cysts, draw nourishment from fish, carried around, eventually drop off and become adults, larvae of each mussel species has a particular host species, (Purple Lilliput attach to Green Sunfish or Longear Sunfish)
      - ROTIFERS - freshwater, posterior foot, cylindrical, microscopic, multicellular, smaller than ciliates, coelom between endoderm and mesoderm, CORONA (cilia around mouth), sweep food into mouth, used for swimming, pharynx w/ jaws called MASTAX that grinds food, PARTHENOGENIC (unfertilized eggs develop into adult females), no males
      - ANNELIDA - SEGMENTED WORMS, 2/3 live in Oceans, cylindrical body, tube within a tube, coelom entirely within mesoderm, complete one-way digestive track suspended within coelom, coelom surrounded by muscular body wall, segmented, body made up of a number of identical units, all fundamentally segmented, modification of segments is secondary, each segment is capable of independent motion, complex movements but efficient, segment may have own set of organs, damage to segment non-fatal because other segments may have same organs,SETAE - CHARACTERISTIC OF ANNELIDS, retractable bristles made of chitin, occur on almost all segments, extend setae to burrow and anchor themselves in dirt. MOVEMENT - alternately contract sets of circular and longitudinal muscles, circular muscles make segments become long and thin and setae are retracted, longitudinal make body short and thick and setae are extended,
        
        3 PRINCIPLE FEATURES - 1) Repeated Segments - excretory and locomotor organs in each segment, excretory system based on nephridia, segments separated by septa, coelom is hydrostatic skeleton, each segment can move, fast powerful movement, 2) Specialized Segments - most species have modified body into distinct groups of segments with a specialized purpose, i.e. complex eyes and tentacles in marine annelids, 3) Connections between Segments - integrate body functions, allow animal to function as coordinated unit. 4 SYSTEMS LINK SEGMENTS - 1) Ventral Nervous System - connects clusters of nerves called ganglia in each segments to the brain. 2) Closed Circulatory System - blood propelled by series of 5 hearts, carries food and oxygen 3) Digestive Track - runs from mouth in first seg to anus in last. 4) Longitudinal Muscles - continuous through entire body
        
        OLIGOCHAETES (EARTHWORMS) - range in size, each segment has one pair of retractable setae, almost all live in freshwater or land, larger # of nearly identical segments, no parapodia, do not have distinctive head, sense organs in anterior segments, sensitive to light and vibrations, hermaphrodites, band near head called a clitellum, this secretes thick mucus, mucus holds mating worms together and forms cocoon to protect eggs, adults exchange sperm and both lay eggs, digestive track is long tube, mouth is round opening, no jaws, pharynx behind mouth pulls in anything small enough to fit in mouth, food ground up in gizzard filled with grit, long intestines to extract as much nutrients as possible, poop called castings, fertilize soil, "intestines of the earth", losen and aerate topsoil, eat through soil, most topsoil is poop, replace topsoil every two years
        
        POLYCHAETES - oldest group of Annelids, most annelids are polychaetes, trochophore larvae, often brightly colored, live in oceans, abundant in coral reefs and around deep sea vents, important links in food chain, highly specialized head with jaws, antennae, tentacles, and eyes, body is series of segments, posterior segments usually used for sexual reproduction, sexes are separate, external fertilization in water, Palolo Worms spawn 2nd or 3rd day after 3rd quarter of the moon in Oct or Nov, these segments of worms break off and form gelatinous soup in water, anterior stays in burrows, these sex segments eaten in many countries,
        
        PARAPODIA - fleshly paddle like flaps w/ tufts of bristle like setae (CHARACTERISTIC), most segments have a pair of these, used for locomotion, also usually have feathery gills, some species move actively, are predators and scavengers (Clam Worms), some species live in tubes they constructed of hardened mucus, mud, sand, or calcium carbonate, called Tube Worms, filter feeders, GIANT TUBE WORMS - larger colonies near thermal vents, no mouth or guts, 8 ft long, fed by endosymbiotic chemolithotrophs
        
        HIRUDINEA (LEECHES) - many species are aquatic, some are terrestrial, toothed jaws in mouth, active predators, some are external parasites of aquatic and sometimes terrestrial animals, powerful anticoagulant, used in medicine, removed "bad blood", anticoagulant gene has been cloned, implanted into canola, used to dissolve blood clots, used in medicine again today