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Case Study: A young male who has been weight training for the last 3 weeks…

- - - - Muscle fatigue consequences
        
        Ion imbalances
        
        Muscle cramps
        
        Increased inorganic phosphate
        
        Decreased ATP & increased ATP levels
        
        Can cause extreme fatigue
        
        & Lead -> Low blood pressure
        
        Could also lead -> Hypermagnesemia
        
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        Affects power stroke
        
        Preventing cross bridge cycle from possibly occurring
        
        Preventing the sliding of myofilaments, actin & myosin
        
        Preventing further contraction of muscle
        
        Decreased glycogen
        
        Blood sugar levels possibly compromised
        
        Leaving an exhausted feeling
        
        Exercise performance can suffer
      - Muscle atrophy
        
        As the body becomes more desperate for fuel
        
        It takes energy from the muscle to perform normal functions
        
        If the muscles are having trouble contracting
        
        This could possibly lead to disintegration of that muscle
      - Over training consequences
        
        This could lead to muscle damage
        
        Which could cause inflexibility of body
        
        Due to the damaged muscle being replaced w/ connective tissue
        
        This could thus could lead to
        
        Muscle stains
        
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      - Tapped ATP stores
        
        ATP is used in the first 6 sec of workout
        
        Direct phosphorlation occurs after 10-15 sec to restores ATP
        
        Aerobic pathway takes over after 30-40 sec
        
        If ATP is not regenerated
        
        Causing muscle cell to die
        
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  - - - Skeletal system
        
        Hydroxypetite levels possibly low
        
        Leading to osteoporosis
        
        Could lead to falls & joint issues
        
        Osteoid levels possibly low
        
        Leading to osteomalacia
        
        Could lead to pain when weight is placed on bones
      - Lymphatic system
        
        Can affect healing processes
        
        Possibly lead to increased risk for infections
      - Endocrine system
        
        Could lead to hormonal imbalances
        
        Such as cortisol increase
      - Nervous system
        
        Na+ K+ pump may not be working adequately
        
        Could affect action potentials from being sent or delivered
      - Cardiovascular system
        
        Could affect hearts ability to pump blood correctly
      - Urinary issues
        
        Dehydration can occur from lack of electrolytes
        
        Causing kidneys to over work
        
        Possibly causing kidney damage
- - - - Organ level
        
        Bone
        
        Periosteum
        
        Tendon
        
        Epimysium (Desnse irregular)
        
        Muscle
      - Tissue level
        
        Perimysium (dense irregular)
        
        Fascicle
      - Cell level
        
        Endomysium (areolar) -> Between fibers
        
        Sarcolemma (Lipid bylayer)
        
        Muscle fiber
      - Organelle level
        
        Myofibrils
      - Molecular level
        
        Sarcomere
        
        Myofilaments
        
        Actin
        
        Extend across the I band
        
        & Extends a little into A band
        
        Z discs anchors actin
        
        Myosin
        
        Extends length of A band
        
        Connected in the middle of sarcomere -> M line
    - - Excitability
        
        Def: A cell responds to & receives stimuli by changing membrane potential
        
        Ex: The stimulus is usually a neurotransmitter
        
        The events at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) set the E-C coupling by providing excitation
        
        Process
        
        1) Neuron brings signal (action potential) -> muscle cell @ NMJ
        
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        2) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
        
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        3) Ach diffuses acros cleft & binds to Ach receptors
        
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        4) Channels close
        
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        5) This causes change in charge
        
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        Excitation-contraction coupling (E-C)
        
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      - Contractility
        
        Def: Ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated
        
        Sets muscle apart from other tissues
      - Extensibility
        
        Def: Ability of a muscle to stretch
        
        MUSCLES CANNOT MAKE THEMSELVES GET LONGER!!!!!
        
        They can be pulled out by another force
        
        Flexion & extension occurs by OPPOSITE muscles contracting
        
        Example
        
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      - Elasticity
        
        Def: The ability for a muscles to contract & extend over & over & not be damaged
      - Muscle Functions
        
        Produce movement
        
        They are responsible for ALL locomotion & manipulation of environment
        
        Maintain posture & body position
        
        They make small adjustments to counteract downward pull of gravity
        
        Stabilize joints
        
        As they pull on bones, they strengthen & stabilize joints
        
        Generate heat
        
        They generate heat as they contract
        
        Plays a role in maintaining normal body temp
  - - - 1) Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
        
        2) Anaerobic pathway: Glycolysis & lactic acid formation
        
        3) Aerobic respiration
        
        Process
        
        Occurs in mitochondria
        
        C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP
        
        Characteristics
        
        95% of ATP comes from this
        
        Slower rxn that requires constant delivery of O2
        
        O2 is required
        
        32 ATP per C6H12O6, CO2, H2O
        
        Duration of energy
        
        Hours
        
        Process
        
        Rxn that breaks down C6H12O6 w/out O2
        
        As ATP & CP are exhausted
        
        C6H12O6 (from glycogen stored or from blood) -> Pyruvic acid
        
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        Characteristics
        
        Its inefficient but fast
        
        Much C6H12O6 is needed to produce small amounts of ATP
        
        Lactic acid is a result which produces muscle fatigue
        
        Duration of energy
        
        30-40 sec
        
        No O2 used
        
        Process
        
        Creatine phosphate (CP) which is stored in muscles
        
        Is tapped to regenerate ATP
        
        While other pathways adjust
        
        CP + ADP (catalyzed by C kinase) -> creatine + ATP
        
        Characteristics
        
        Muscle stores 2-3 times more CP than ATP
        
        Duration of energy provided by ATP & CP
        
        15 seconds
        
        No O2 used
        
        CP reserves are replenished during periods of rest
      - How needs changes w/intensity
        
        Short duration, high intensity exercise
        
        2) Direct phosphorylation: ATP is produced from CP & ADP
        
        10-15 sec
        
        3) Anaerobic pathway: glycogen stored, breaks -> C6H12O6 -> oxidized to produce ATP
        
        30-40 sec -> end of exercise
        
        1) ATP stored in muscle used first
        
        6 sec
        
        Prolonged-duration exercise
        
        Aerobic respiration: ATP is produced from of nutrient fuels by aerobic pathway
    - - Aerobic endurance
        
        Def: A muscle can continue contractions for a long time period
        
        Example
        
        Activities that encompass endurance training
        
        Such as marathon runs
        
        Determined by heart strength
        
        If the heart cannot deliver the blood w/O2
        
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      - Anaerobic threshold
        
        The point where you cannot keep doing aerobic exercise
        
        Muscles -> anaerobic glycolysis
        
        Example
        
        Activities that need only surges of power & do not last long
        
        Such as weight lifting
    - - Def: The inability of a muscle to contract all though receiving stimuli
        
        Function: To prevent depletion of ATP levels
        
        Result of this depletion -> rigor mortis of muscle cell
      - Chemical changes involved
        
        Increased inorganic phosphate (Pi)
        
        May interfere w/ Ca2+ release from SR
        
        May interfere w/release of Pi from myosin
        
        Which could hamper myosins power stroke
        
        Decreased ATP & increased Mg2+
        
        ATP usually binds -> Mg2+
        
        As ATP levels drop
        
        Mg2+ levels rise
        
        Low ATP & high Mg2+ act on voltage gated ion channels
        
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        Ion imbalances
        
        During action potential activity
        
        K+ is lost from cells & Na+ is gained
        
        Changed disturb resting potential
        
        They reduce size of action potential
        
        Which reduces movement of voltage channels -> reduces amount of Ca2+ released from SR
        
        Can lead -> muscle cramps depending on where the Ca2+ is building up
        
        Decreased glycogen
        
        A decrease in this is correlated w/ muscle fatigue
        
        Lack of ATP
        
        More common in severely fatigued muscles
        
        If this is lacking
        
        Myosin cannot unbind w/actin
        
        Could lead -> muscle cell death (rigor mortis)
  - - - Conditions for muscle to return -> pre-exercise state
        
        ATP & CP reserves must be resynthesized
        
        Glycogen must be replaced
        
        Accumulated lactic acid must be reconverted -> pyruvic acid
        
        O2 stored in myoglobin must be replenished
        
        Process
        
        O2 is consumed from the O2 stores during anaerobic exercise
        
        Replacing the stored required O2 uptake
        
        & Aerobic metabolism after exercise ends
        
        Liver converts lactic acid -> glycogen
        
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- - - - He feels great fatigue
        
        The patient feels severe cramping in
        
        Thighs
        
        Shoulders
        
        Calves
        
        Back
        
        Buttocks
  - - - Diet
        
        Vegan diet
        
        He does not even consume soy nor tufu
        
        It mainly consists of fruit juices
        
        He skips meals on weight training days
        
        Cons
        
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        Pros
        
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        Hydration method
        
        Mainly water
        
        He avoids sports drink
        
        Cons
        
        Losing a lot of sweat
        
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        Pros
        
        He seems to be in-taking a decent amount of H2O
      - Intense weight training
        
        Training intensely for an hour everyday
        
        Pros
        
        He is doing what is required for muscle hypertrophy
        
        Cons
        
        He may be training to hard
        
        He may not be giving the muscle enough recovery time
        
        He does cardio for 45 min four days a week
        
        Pros
        
        He is strengthening his heart
        
        He is doing cardio for longer than 20 min
        
        Which means he is possibly tapping into fat burning stage
        
        He only does it 4 days a wk & not 7
        
        Cons
        
        He may be doing too much, w/the cardio & weight training together
        
        It may benefit him to work his way up to training for 45 minutes
        
        If he wants to weight train w/it
- - - - 1) Recommended diet
        
        Diet
        
        Hydration
        
        No consumption of creatine
        
        Consume lots of electrolytes
        
        Food to consume
        
        No eating before workout
        
        No eating up to an hr after workout
        
        Eat more lean protein
        
        Eat lots of fiber
        
        Reduce fatty food content
      - 1) Recommend exercise
        
        Aerobic training
        
        Cardiovascular exercise
        
        Such as
        
        Jumping jacks
        
        Use of bicycle
        
        Running
        
        Duration
        
        At least 20 minutes
        
        Consistency
        
        3-5 days a week
    - - After weight loss is achieved
        
        2) Recommended diet
        
        Hydration
        
        At this point creatine is an option
        
        Lots of electrolytes
        
        Eat complex carbs
        
        Such as
        
        Potatoes
        
        Lean proteins
        
        Such as
        
        Quinoa
        
        Chicken breasts
        
        Fats
        
        Such as advocates
        
        2) Recommend exercise
        
        Some cardio
        
        To strengthen heart
        
        anaerobic training
        
        With the max weight that can be handled -> less time
        
        To damage more fibers
        
        Should be sore during & after
        
        Contraction type
        
        Isotonic movements
        
        Longer eccentric & less time on concentric movements
        
        AKA: Time under tension
        
        Make certain to breath
        
        Body cavity health is at risk if not properly initiated