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Physiology of respiratory system (Hypoxia (Inadequate tissue capability of…
Physiology of respiratory system
respiration
1-Pulmonary ventilation
expiration
Abdominal recti
Internal intercostal
Qaudrats lumborm
Inspiration
External intercontinental
Diaphragm
Sternocleidomastoid
Scaleni
Pectoralis minor
Anterior serrati
Gas exchange between lung and blood
External respiration
3-Transportation of gases between lung and tissues
4-Gas exchange between blood and tissue
Internal respiration
Pulmonary pressures
Atmospheric
Intra-alveolar (intraplmonary)
During inspiration -1
During expiration +1
Intrapleural
Negative pressure during rest/expiration (-4)
More negative during inspiration (-6)
Transpulmonary
Intrapulmonary pressure — intraplueral pressure
Respiratory center
Rhythmicity area in medulla
Dorsal
Basic rhythm of breathing
Phrenic nerve
Ventral
When frequent forceful breathing required
Intercostal nerve
Controls intercostal muscles
Pneumotaxic area in pons
Neurons inhibit impulses and shorten duration of inhalation
Phrenic nerve
Controls diaphragm
Main function is to turn off inspirations area before lungs become too full of air
Surfactant
Produced by type 2 cells- pneumocytes
Increase lung compliance
Prevents alveolar collapse
Deficiency causes disease
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Congenital surfactant deficiency’
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Total lung capacity
Vital capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Inspiratory reserve
Tidal volume
Dead space
Expiratory reserve
Functional residual
Residual volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Oxygen
160
104
97
95
40
104
Becomes 20 in tissues
Physiological shunt
expired air will be 120
Inspired air
Incoming blood will be 40
Carbon dioxide
46
45
40
inspired air 0.3
40
expired air 27
from tissues
when oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve moves right
lower affinity of haemoglobin for O2
Release more O2
Cause by decrease in PH
Increase in CO2
Increase in blood temperature
increase biphosphoglycerate
Hypoxia
Extrinsic reasons
Hypoventelation (neuromuscular disorders)
Deficiency of oxygen in atmosphere
Pulmonary disease
Hypoventilation caused by increased airway resistance
Abnormal alveolar ventilation-perfusion ratio (increased physiological dead space of physiological shunt)
Diminished respiratory membrane diffusion
Venous-to-areterial shunts
Inadequate oxygen transport to the tissues by the blood
Poising of cellular oxidation ezymes
Diminished cellular metabolic capacity
Inadequate tissue capability of using oxygen
Anemia
general circulatory deficiency
localized circulatory deficiency (ischemic/stagnant hypoxia)
edema