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Civics and Citizenship (Australia"s Political System + Government…
Civics and Citizenship
Concepts
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Democratic values
respect: treating other with consideration and valuing their views, beliefs and rights.
equality: rights and privileges for all, without discrimination based on gender, race, sexuality, age, religion or level of education. All citizens have the same opportunity.
fairness: all people are treated fairly, without injustice. Given equal opportunity, known as a "fair go" in Australia.
freedom: rights, privileges, responsibilities for all without interference or control from other citizens or the government.
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How Laws Are Made
Parliament
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A parliament is a group of people elected by the majority of society to make laws on their behalf
The laws that are made by parliament are referred to as legislation, statutes or Acts.
Courts
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When a judge makes a decision to resolve a dispute, the reasoning behind their decision creates a legal principle or law that must be followed by judges in other courts when a similar case arises
Laws made by judges are known as common law.
Judges in higher courts, like state supreme court, high court of Australia can also make laws
Types of Legal Dispute
Civil Cases
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The party that believes that their rights have been infringed (the plaintiff) brings the case to court in the hope of obtaining a redress that will return them to the position they had before the wrongdoing, as far as possible.
Types of civil cases
Negligence – an individual claim that they have sustained harm because of the failure of another person to take
reasonable care when it is an obligation to do so Breach of contract – one party claims that another has failed to fulfil the terms of a legally binding contract
Defamation – a person believes that they have suffered damage because of another person making false statements
Criminal Cases
A person (called the accused) who has committed an unlawful act that causes harm to another individual and/or community is brought to court by the state or government.
simple offences are minor offences commonly heard in the Magistrates Court. Indictable offences are serious offences commonly heard in higher courts, such as the District Court and the Supreme Court.