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Week 4: Lipids (Functions (Energy Storage, mainly Triglyceride (2 forms…

- - - - Oils
      - Fats
    - - Cellular oxidation of fatty acids to CO2 and H2O is highly exergonic
        
        Carbon atoms of fatty acids are more reduced, thereby oxidation of it gives twice more energy
      - Triacylglycerol are hydrophobic and unhydrated unlike carbohydrates that requires 2g of H2O per gm of carbohydrates*
- - - - Amphipathic* Nature
        
        (R- )Hydrophobic tails:
        
        Larger than the head for lipids to repel from water and be attracted to hydrophobic solvents and to each other
        
        (-COOH) Hydrophilic heads
      - Highly Variable Fatty Acid Tail
        
        Unsaturated: Double bonds in carbon chain
        
        NOT harmful to health: due to lower in melting point --> Liquid form in body temperature --> Do not form solid fats in our body --> Not harmful
        
        Saturated: Single bonds in carbon chain
  - - - More double bonds, lower MP
        
        C=C bonds cause stiff kinks along the chain, weakening the attraction between the molecules.
      - More Carbon atoms in chain, higher MP
    - - Formed by single-tailed lipids
  - - - Located in Adipose tissues
    - - Glycerophospholipid: most abundant in cell membrane
      - (in suspension) form multilayer vesicles with onion-like arrangement of lipid bilayer
        
        Upon sonication, break to form liposomes
    - - tend to form lipid bilayers
        
        (l.b)Impermeable to ionic and polar substances
        
        The hydrophobic effect refers to the attraction of polar molecules (H2O is a polar molecule) to each other and attraction of nonpolar molecules (lipids) to each other. The converse is also true: polar molecules and nonpolar molecules repel each other. That’s why oil and water do not mix, but always separate into two parts.
- - - - Glucocorticoids are made in the adrenal gland
        
        They also suppress inflammation and immune response
        
        regulate how we respond to stress, such as the “fight or flight” instinct.
      - Mineralocorticoids are made in the adrenal gland
        
        They regulate the excretion of salt and water
        by our kidneys.
      - Androgens and estrogens, Made in testes and ovaries
        
        Regulate the development of male and female sex organs and secondary physical traits such as voice.