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Ch8-10 (Cellular Respiration (Intermediate (2Pyruvates release a carbon…
Ch8-10
Cellular Respiration
Glucose Is broken down using 2 ATP
2 Pyruvic Acids with 3 carbons each
Catabolic and Exergonic
Converts 4 ADP into 4 ATP
Endergonic
Net gain or 2ATP
2NAD into 2NADH
Endergonic
glycolysis
Intermediate
Mitochondrea
2Pyruvates release a carbon
Carbon binds with O2 creating CO2
Catabolic
2CO2 released one for each pyruvate
CO2 respired by organism
Anabolic
2 carbons remain
used to make 2Acetyl COA
Anabolic
With 2 turns 2NAD+ are turned into 2NADH
Endergonic
Krebs cycle/Citric Acid Cycle
1Acetyl COA= 1 turn
Acetyl COA bonds to Oxaloacetate
Citric Acid is made
Catabolic
Citric Acid is then Broken down in an exergonic reation
Fuels the creation of 2ATP and 1FADH per turn of cycle
Endergonic
Oxaloacetic acid is a product and goes back into cycle
Electron Transport and Oxidativephosporalation
The chain is a series of enzymes in the mitochondrea
NADH and FADH help pump hydrogen through the membrane
the high concentration of H+ then bind to Oxegen to create H2O
This a waste product of cellular respiration
ATP synthase Converts ADP into ATP using the flow of Hydrogen Ions
This is Endergonic
3ATP per NADH
Average of 34 ATP Max of 38
4ATP per FADH
Cellular respiration is a Net loss of energy or a negative Delta G
Thermodynamics
Laws
conservation of energy-energy can neither be created or destroyed
energy transfer increases universal disorder
entropy=measure of disorder
Systems
Closed System-exchange of energy but no matter
Open system-exchange of energy and mater
Isolated system-no exchange with surroundings
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
broken down by hydrolysis
ADP is the product
can be recharged into ATP
Cellular energy
used to phosphorylate molecules or transfer energy
phosphorylate-gives away phosphorus molecules to other molecules
Enzymes
Catalyst for reactions
lower activation energy
cofactors-non enzyme reaction helpers
active site
where the enzyme and the molecules react
Enzymes match with molecules based on shape
shape made from twisting and folding of protiens
Specific molecule reactant is called substrate
Inhibitors- stop the reaction the enzyme helps with
stays in area that is not the active site
competitive-stays in active site
denaturation-the un folding and twisting of protiens
Done by ph, chemichals or tempature
Metabolism
Catabolism
generally hydrolytic
hydrolysis-breakdown of bonds using water molecules
exergonic
release energy or a negative delta G
graph starts high ends lower
decomposition reactions-reactions that break down molecules
destroy order or increase disorder in universe
Anabolism
synthesis- building of molecules
creates bonds and create order
dehydration many times
endergonic-consume energy
graph starts low ends higher
positive delta G or consumes energy
Energy- capacity to cause change or do work
Potential energy
energy that has the ability to be harnessed
comes from the placement of an object or thing
also comes from order and chemical bonds that store energy
also called chemical energy
Heat Energy-The energy produced from heat
heat= to the measurement of the random movement of molecules
flows from high temperature to low temperature
temperature-the average heat of an object
Measured in Kelvin
0 Kelvin means that molecules are no longer moving randomly
The mass of an object changes its temperature
Kinetic energy-energy done by movement
also associated with mechanical energy
Photosynthesis
Light Reactions
Photosystem I
Hydrogen Ions and NADP+ are pumped using a gradient to NADP+ reductionase
NADPH is created
Energy Carrying Molecule in the form of electron transport
Endergonic and Catabolic
H+ escape through ATP synthase
fuels the process turning ADP into ATP
Endergonic and Catabolic
Photosystem II
Takes place in the thylakoid
Light+H20 are taken in
H2O is broken down by photosystem II
Electrons
H+
O2=waste
Catabolic and exergonic
Electrons pumped into cytochrome complex
Cytochrome complex pumps H+ into Thylakoid
Electrons are passed on to photosystem I
Dark Cycle
3CO2
Rubisco
6PGA
enzyme
Exergonic
3RuBP
Location Stroma
ATP and NADPH are used from light cycle
turns 6PGAs into one G3P or half a glucose
At optimal production with two turns of the cycle create 2 glucose
If not the molecules are recycled and used again
Catabolic/Endergonic
Exergonic
Photosynthesis is a positive delta G or a creator of order