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Unit 2: Topic 4 - Psychological Disorders and Treatments (Compare:…
Unit 2: Topic 4 - Psychological Disorders and Treatments
Describe:
Biopsychosocial
George Engel, 1980
Biological, Psychological & Social
Considers the person as a whole (holistic view)
Summarise:
Risk Factors
Biological
Genes
Medication
Poor response to medicine (due to genetics)
Sleep
Lack there of (poor sleep)
Substance Use
Psychological
Rumination
Excessive thinking/worrying
Impaired Reasoning and Memory
Stress
Poor self-efficacy
Social
Disorganised Attachment
Difficult to share feelings/empathise
Loss of Significant Relationships
Examine
the
Prevalence
,
Symptoms
and
Perceived Causes
of Anxiety Disorders
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Characterised by excessive anxiety
Symptoms
Feeling worried about events/acitivties
Unable to stop worrying
Difficulty participating in daily activities due to worry
Restlessness
Difficulty sleeping/easily become tired
Difficulty concentrating
Irritability
Muscle Tension
Prevalence
Usually show around 30 years but appear at any time
More women than men
Common to also have another diagnosis
Specific Phobia
Specific, persistent, irrational and intense fear of a specific object or event.
Natural Environment phobias
Situation Phobias
Animal phobias
Blood-injection-injury phobias
Symptoms
Excessive anxiety & fear
Extreme levels of stress
Unable to fall asleep
Exhaustion/Physical Illness
Unable to perform duties
Isolation/Extreme avoidance behaviours
Prevalence
Most common in children
Heritable
Describe:
The Impact of Stigma
Self Stigma
When mental health sufferers internalise negative stereotypes and have negative emotional reactions
Low self-esteem and poor self-efficacy
Social Stigma
Prejudices and discrimination held by the general public
Includes negative stereotypes
Sufferers and families avoid treatment fearing the stereotype
Prevents/discourages sufferers from getting help
Compare:
Treatments
Psychotherapies
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
Replacing unhealthy thinking patterns/behaving with positive habits and coping skills
Use of psychological methods
Desensitisation Therapy
Decreasing negative responses by replacing them with positive ones after continual exposure
Systematic Therapy
Treats a person in relationship to their interactions, patterns and dynamics (umbrella for desensitisation)
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Involves psychoanalysis focused on repressed problems)
Pharmocotherapies
Use of drugs and medicine to assist mental health
Patients can become dependant
Patients can take incorrectly
Electroconvulsive Treatment (ECT)
Electrically induced seizures
Relieves mental health issues, specifically bipolar and MDD
Immediate effect
By shocking the brain an anticonvulsant effect is produced providing temporary relief
Side-effects include confusion, memory loss, amnesia and high relapse rates
Effective when no other treatments work
Psychosurgery
Brain surgery
A small area/piece of the brain is removed or destroyed
Deep brain stimulation
Affected areas of the brain are stimulated with electrodes
Typically a final resort
Side-effects include confusion, headaches, memory loss, weight gain, lethargy, personality changes, brain haemorrhaging or death
Explain:
The Placebo Effect
Placebo = An inert/inactive substance (e.g. sugar pill)
A reduction in symptoms due to belief that the placebo will be effective
However can be a small/temporary improvement compared to proper treatment
Can be unethical to use (i.e. not providing best care possible)