A skinny 22-year old is trying to quickly get fit taking on heavy workouts and new diet which instead is causing him severe cramps and muscle weight loss.

Factors

Diet

Steps

Step 1: Action potential spread along the sarcolemma to the T-tubules (transverse tubules)

Step 2: Calcium is released into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Step 3: Calcium binds to actin and the blocking action of the tropomyosin is removed

Step 4: Myosin heads attach to begin contraction

Step 5: Calcium is removed and the binding sites on actin become blocked again by tropomyosin

Step 6: Muscles relaxes

Medical causes

Anatomy

Microscopically Visible Feature

A band

H zone

I band

M line

Z disc

Zig-zag line of Z line proteins and actin binding proteins perpendicular to sarcomere

Region of thick-filament myosin proteins

Central region of the A band with no overlapping actin proteins when muscle is relaxed

Region of thin-filament actin proteins, with no myosin

M line accessory proteins in center of myosin thick filament perpendicular to the sarcomere

Levels of Organization

Molecular level

Microscopic level

Cell level

Tissue level

Organ level

Actin and Myosin

Sarcomere and Myofibrils

Myoblasts and Myofibers

Neuromuscular junctions and Fascicles

Major skeletal muscles of the body

Myosin - a protein that converts the chemical energy stored in the bonds of ATP into the kinetic energy of movement

Myofilaments - Organized structures in muscle cells that contain the actin and myosin

Muscle cells - contain organelles found in all cells, including nuclei, the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and the golgi apparatus.

T-tubules - conduct an action potential along the surface of the muscle fiber into triads that trigger the release of Ca2+ ions from the nearby terminal cisternae

unrelenting exhaustion may be a sign of an underlying illness, such as a thyroid disorder, heart disease or diabetes.

Lifestyle causes

alcohol or drugs or lack of regular exercise can lead to feelings of fatigue.

Workplace causes

workplace stress can lead to feelings of fatigue

Emotional & stress

fatigue is a common symptom of mental health problems, such as depression and grief

Fuels & Other Compounds

ATP/CP

Carbohydrate

Fat

Protein

Serum free fatty acids

Serum triglycerides

Muscle triglycerides

Adipose tissue

Various tissues

Blood glucose

Liver glycogen

Muscle glycogen

Muscle protein

Fluids

Vitamins & Minerals

B vitamins

Iron-deficiency anemia

Osteoporosis

Lifestyle choices (indirect)

Weight training

Treadmill

Drinking gallon of water

fruit juices

Pro- Elevates metabolism, burn calories, weight loss.

Con- Muscle soreness, stress factures, damaging joints

Pro- Burn calories, reduce blood glucose levels, improves muscle tone

Con- knee pain,

Pro- strengths immune system, aids digestion, weight loss.

Con- high in calories, high sugar

Pro- speeds metabolism, regulates body temp, lubricate joints

Con- may cause sodium levels in blood to drop low

Muscle cramping, weight loss, muscle loss, overworking muscles, soreness, too intense on body, not enough meals (direct)

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Fatigue

Heavy workout on muscles

Lack of exercise in past

exhausting the muscles due to not being used in past

Cramping

Muscle stretching/tearing

Lack of muscle workout in the past

Starting out hard instead of light to harder workouts

Muscle loss

Not sleeping enough

Not allowing to recover

Not eating enough protein

Loosing weight too fast

continue to lose weight

muscle loss

continue to have soreness, cramping.

Not gain muscle

Tiredness from working out too much and no rest

Regimen

Shorter workouts due to muscle tiredness

Shorter workouts due to fuel

cramping

tiredness

overworking the body

Workout quality decreases

Body might break down muscle for energy

Other systems

Abnormal heart rhythms, weakening bones, central fatigue doesn't work the same from being tired or sore.

Cardiac- stresses of pressure/stress overload

Digestion- slows digestion, works less efficient, gets sluggish

Respiratory- heart rate increases, breathing rate and depth increases.

Cardiovascular - lowered resting heart rate, cardiac output, changes in blood flow

Muscular - increasing muscle contractions, increase pulse and body temp.