Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 8 (Enzymes (Enzymes are proteins that end with "-ase",…
Chapter 8
Enzymes
-
-
-
-
Cofactors: Endergonic, non-protein, that affects enzymes by giving it the right shape
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cellular Respiration
-
Glycolysis: Uses 2 ATP to break glucose in 2 pyruvic acid molecules
-Gain 3 carbons after breaking glucose down
-Covalent bonds are broken (catabolic)
-Converts 4 ADP into 4 ATP and 2 NAD+ into 2 NADH (endergonic)
Reactants: 1 glucose, 2 ATP
Products: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
Intermediate Step: The reactants are 2 pyruvates with 3 carbons each
-(catabolic) 1 carbon released for each pyruvate, then each carbon binds to oxygen and electrons, CO2 released by organism when it respires
-(catabolic) 2 carbons remain for each acetyl-CoA, which becomes a product
-2 NAD+ are converted into 2 NADH (endergonic)
Kreb's Cycle: 2 carbon Acetyl-CoA binds to Oxaloacetic Acid, which has 4 carbons, to make citric acid, a 6 carbon molecule
-citric acid is then broken down in which 2 carbon atoms are removed and excreted as carbon dioxide
-the remaining 4 carbon molecule binds to another Acetyl-CoA to continue the cycle
-each turn of the cycle produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
-one glucose can power two turns of the cycle
The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation: After glycolysis and two turns of the Kreb's Cycle, one glucose has provided 4 ATP, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH2
-The chain is a series of enzymes in the cristae of the mitochondria. NADH and FADH2 provide high energy electrons to the electron transport chain, which allow hydrogen ions to be pumped through the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The high concentration of hydrogen ions bind to oxygen to create water molecules which become a waste product
-ATP synthesis converts ADP into ATP (anabolic)(endergonic). This is powered by the movement of hydrogen ions throughout the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
-1 NADH can phosphorylate 3 ADPs into ATP, and 1 FADH2 can phosphorylate 2 ADPs into ATP
-The final products are typically 32-34 ATP
Photosynthesis
-
Light Reactions at Photosystems II:
-In the thylakoid, light and H2O are taken in. H2O is broken down by Photosystem II into electrons and hydrogen ions, with oxygen as a waste product. (catabolic/exergonic)
-Electrons are passed from Photosystem II into the cytochrome complex
-Cytochrome complex passed H+ ions from stroma into thylakoid. Electrons pass through
Light Reactions at Photosystem I:
-Electrons are taken from water using light energy in photosystem 1, with oxygen excreted
-Hydrogen ions pumped into thylakoid against concentration gradient (catabolic/exergonic)
-electrons, hydrogen ions, and NADP+ go to NADP+ reductionase, with NADPH created
-Hydrogen ions escape through ATP synthase that turns ADP into ATP
Dark Reactions: Cycle is down twice, located in stroma
-starts with 3CO2 molecules and 3RuBP molecules, which interacts with rubisco
-6PGA created (exergonic)
-uses 6ATP and 6NADPH to get to G3P, which is half a glucose combines with a G3P from the previous cycle to create 1 glucose
-remaining continue into the cycle again
Laws of Thermodynamics
2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Every time we convert energy, we create entropy in the universe.
1st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transferred.
-
ATP
ATP has a sugar with a nitrogen base adenine, along with three phosphate groups.
ATP can be used for three types of cellular work, being transport, mechanical, and chemical
Hydrolysis of ATP is when the bond of a phosphate group breaks by a water molecules (turns into ADP)
-
-
-
-