Metabolism: Total chemical reactions that occur in an organism

2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Every time we convert energy, we create entropy in the universe.

1st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transferred.

The goal of this process is to create glucose which will provide energy for plants and eventually all living things on Earth.

The goal of cellular respiration is to use glucose to make ATP which will then provide cells the energy they need.

Photosynthesis relates to Gibbs Free Energy because it is endergonic and anabolic

Cellular Respiration relates to Gibbs Free Energy because it is exergonic and catabolic

Glycolysis: Uses 2 ATP to break glucose in 2 pyruvic acid molecules
-Gain 3 carbons after breaking glucose down
-Covalent bonds are broken (catabolic)
-Converts 4 ADP into 4 ATP and 2 NAD+ into 2 NADH (endergonic)
Reactants: 1 glucose, 2 ATP
Products: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

Intermediate Step: The reactants are 2 pyruvates with 3 carbons each
-(catabolic) 1 carbon released for each pyruvate, then each carbon binds to oxygen and electrons, CO2 released by organism when it respires
-(catabolic) 2 carbons remain for each acetyl-CoA, which becomes a product
-2 NAD+ are converted into 2 NADH (endergonic)

Kreb's Cycle: 2 carbon Acetyl-CoA binds to Oxaloacetic Acid, which has 4 carbons, to make citric acid, a 6 carbon molecule
-citric acid is then broken down in which 2 carbon atoms are removed and excreted as carbon dioxide
-the remaining 4 carbon molecule binds to another Acetyl-CoA to continue the cycle
-each turn of the cycle produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
-one glucose can power two turns of the cycle

The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation: After glycolysis and two turns of the Kreb's Cycle, one glucose has provided 4 ATP, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH2
-The chain is a series of enzymes in the cristae of the mitochondria. NADH and FADH2 provide high energy electrons to the electron transport chain, which allow hydrogen ions to be pumped through the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The high concentration of hydrogen ions bind to oxygen to create water molecules which become a waste product
-ATP synthesis converts ADP into ATP (anabolic)(endergonic). This is powered by the movement of hydrogen ions throughout the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
-1 NADH can phosphorylate 3 ADPs into ATP, and 1 FADH2 can phosphorylate 2 ADPs into ATP
-The final products are typically 32-34 ATP

Electron Transport Chain: enzymes embedded in the cristae that pass electrons from one enzyme to another

Cristae is the inner membrane of the mitochondria that houses the electron transport chain

Light Reactions at Photosystems II:
-In the thylakoid, light and H2O are taken in. H2O is broken down by Photosystem II into electrons and hydrogen ions, with oxygen as a waste product. (catabolic/exergonic)
-Electrons are passed from Photosystem II into the cytochrome complex
-Cytochrome complex passed H+ ions from stroma into thylakoid. Electrons pass through

Light Reactions at Photosystem I:
-Electrons are taken from water using light energy in photosystem 1, with oxygen excreted
-Hydrogen ions pumped into thylakoid against concentration gradient (catabolic/exergonic)
-electrons, hydrogen ions, and NADP+ go to NADP+ reductionase, with NADPH created
-Hydrogen ions escape through ATP synthase that turns ADP into ATP

Dark Reactions: Cycle is down twice, located in stroma
-starts with 3CO2 molecules and 3RuBP molecules, which interacts with rubisco
-6PGA created (exergonic)
-uses 6ATP and 6NADPH to get to G3P, which is half a glucose combines with a G3P from the previous cycle to create 1 glucose
-remaining continue into the cycle again

Thylakoid: The site of light reactions in the chloroplast, arranged in stacks