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Severe Cramping and Increased Fatigue (Normal Physiology & Homeostatic…
Severe Cramping and Increased Fatigue
Possible Direct Upstream Causes:
-Intense/ Excessive Workout regime
-Strict Diet
Possible Indirect Upstream Causes:
-Not enough vitamins being consumed to accommodate extreme workouts
-"Vegan Diet"
Types of Muscle Tissue:
Skeletal Muscle
-Packaged in "skeletal muscles'
-Muscle fibers longest of all muscle
-Striations
-Contract easy, tire easy, but powerful
-voluntary
Cardiac Muscle:
-only in heart (walls)
-striated
-Involuntary
Smooth Muscle
-in walls of hollow organs
-not striated
-Involuntary
Nerve and Blood Supply
-Each muscle has:
Nerve
Artery
Veins
-Require large amounts of O2 & nutrients
4 Main Characteristics of Muscles
-Excitability ( responsiveness)
-Contractility ( ability to shorten)
-Extensibility
-Elasticity
Muscle Functions (4)
:
1. Produce Movement
Locomotion and Manipulation
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Connective Tissue Sheaths
Epimysium:
-Dense irregular conn. tissue (surrounds entire muscle)
may blend w/ deep/superficial fascia
Perimysium:
-Dense Irregular conn. tissue ( surrounds fascicles)
Fascicle
groups of muscle fibers
Endomysium:
-loose areolar tissue
-Surrounds and electrically insulates muscle fibers
Attachments:(2 places)
Insertion
:
attachment to movable bone
Origin:
attachment to immovable or less movable bone
Direct/ Indirect Attachments:
Direct (fleshy)
-epimysium fused to periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartlage
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Sliding Filament Model
Sarcolemma
muscle fiber plasma membrane
Sarcoplasm
muscle fiber cytoplasm
-Contains glycogen for energy storage, & myoglobin for O2 storage
Modified Organelles:
Myofibrils
-densely packed, rodlike elements
-Can have 1000's myofibrils
-about 80% muscle cell volume
Features:
-Striations
sarcomeres
-Myofilaments
-Molecular composition of filaments
Striations from light and dark bands
H zone:
lighter region in middle of dark band
-M line: line of protein in middle of H zone
I bands:
light bands
-Z disc: coin shaped sheet of proteins on midline of light I band
Sarcomere:
-smallest contractile unit of muscle fiber
-Contains A band w/ half of I band @ each end
-Individual sarcomeres align end to end along myofibril
Myofilament:
arrangement of actin and myosin myofilament w/in sarcomere
Actin Myofilaments
thin filaments
Myosin Filaments:
thick filaments
Myosin Bridges;
mysoin heads link thin and thick filaments
Tropomyosin and Troponin
regulatory proteins bound to actin
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum & T Tubules;
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum:
Network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum tubules surrounding each myofibrils
Specific Problem #1
Increased fatigue
Possible Direct Downstream Cause :
cannot make any movement that requires great force
Possible Indirect Downstream Effect
-Can decrease performance of muscles over time
-Can cause muscle weakness
-May cause inability to exercise if strenuous activity persists
Specific Problem #2
Loss of Muscle Mass
Possible Direct Downstream Effects
Limits the amount of energy/movement a person can do
Possible Indirect Downstream Effect
-Can lead to a variety of other diseases:
-Arthritis
-Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
-Myositis
Specific Problem #3
Poor Diet / Inadequate Consumption of Nutrients
Possible Direct Downstream Effects
Nutrients don't get absorbed into the body
-ATP isn't being supplied to the muscles in order to produce energy for movement
Possible Indirect Downstream Effect
Not enough energy to be able to produce movement
-Patient can easily pass out
Specific problem #4:
Skipping Meals
Possible Direct Downstream Effects
Not enough nutrients getting to body, much less the muscles
Possible Indirect Downstream Cause
Not enough ATP for the muscles to use during contractions
-Muscles get tired quicker and fatigue easily
Naming Skeletal Muscles:(based on)
-Location
-Shape
-Size
-Direction of muscle fibers
-# of Origins
-Location of Attachment
-Muscle Action
Fascicle Arrangements:
-Convergent
-Circular
-Fusiform
-Parallel
-Multipennate
-Bipenate
-Unipennate
Muscle Actions and Interactions:
Prime Mover ( Agonist)
responsible for producing specific movements
Antagonist
-opposes/ reverses particular movement
-located on opposite side from prime mover, of joint across which they act
Synergist
-Adds extra force to same movement or reduces undesirable/unnecessary movement
Lever Systems
Lever
rigid bar that moves on a fixed point called a fulcrum
Effort:
force (supplied by muscle contraction) applied to lever to move load
Load
resistance (bone+tissues+ any added weight moved by the effort
Mechanical Advantage:
(power lever load closer to fulcrum, effort farther from fulcrum
Mechanical Disadvantage
(speed lever) load far from fulcrum, effort closer to fulcrum
Steps in E-C Coupling:
1.
Action potential (AP) propogates along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules
2.
Calcium ions are released
Transmission of AP along T tubules of triads cause voltage sensitive tubules to change shape and release calcium ions
Muscle Fatigue:
inability to contract despite continued stimulation
Possible causes of Fatigue:
decreased glycogen is highly correlated w/ muscle fatigue
Ionic imbalances can cause fatigue
Increased inorganic phoshpate from CP and ATP breakdown may interfere w/ calcium release from SR
Normal Physiology & Homeostatic Set Points
Good diets provide ATP for the body
ATP is required for muscles to make movements
ATP turn to ADP and Pi binds with myosin bridge to be able to create contraction
Relevant Intracellular Energy/Nutrition/Metabolism Pathways
ATP binds to myosin, breaks down actin-myosin bridge, muscle contractions stop.
ATP is turned to ADP and Pi, creating energy
ADP, Pi and myosin bridge attach to actin to cause contraction
Muscle movement happens
entire cycle stops when movement is no longer required
Electrolytes necessary for humans
Conduct electricity when dissolved in water
Common electrolytes:
-Sodium
-Potassium
-Bicarbonate
Brain sends signals to body
Neuromuscular junction starts to release calcium
E-C coupling occurs in order for the muscles to produce movement
E-C Coupling ends when the muscle no longer is required for movement