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Duchenne muscular dystrophy with a fracture (Background information…
Duchenne muscular dystrophy with a fracture
Upstream Causes
DIRECT cause: Patient is suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy the problem with his muscle fibers is a protein called dystrophin found inside of the membrane surrounding the muscle fibers leading to degeneration of muscle fibers overtime with muscle fibers being lost we lose the ability to use our skeletal muscle fibers.
INDIRECT cause:what happened in this patient to induce these problems in his muscle fibers Is the skeletal and cardiac muscles, are part of dystrophin in a group of protein work together to strengthen muscle fibers and protect them from injury as muscles contract and relax. Dystrophin anchors connecting muscle cells for the cytoskeletal the function is lost and skeletal and cardiac becomes damaged and is constantly contract and relax when in use.
DIRECT cause:Patient fractured his radius going down his stairs, the patient has also felt lack of energy with a lot of muscle fatigue showing signs of being clumsy. His way of walking has been different the way he started to walk on tiptoes instead of soles of feet that has been happening over a course of time.
INDIRECT cause: lifestyle factors increased likelihood of bone fracture their is a lack of vitamin D source for example milk, egg or soy in his diet making the bone mineral density mass very dense. physical activities that involve moving to fast or walking will eventually be unable do with someone who's bone is very delicate
Background information
skeletal muscle tissue , smooth muscle tissue cardiac muscle tissue
oxidative is when ETC generates A LOT of ATP. but this process requires oxygen, ATP generation is the ETC, the fibers are oxidative. vs glycolytic from gycolysis only makes 2 to 4 ATP using store energy breaking down glucose. ATP generation is breaking down glycogen, the fibers are glycolyic
fast oxidative contract quickly and build ATP with the electron transport chain
fast glycolytic contract quickly and i build ATP from gylcogen
slow oxidative contract slowly and build ATP from the electron transport chain
Anatomy
organelle of a skeletal muscle fiber
there is a sarcolemma and an sarcoplasm also sarcoplasmic reticulum. Skeletal muscle cells have many nuclei along their membrane.
Structures of the sarcomere
there is a z discs that is zig zagging at the end of the sarcomere thin myofilaments are attached here
m line that is located in the middle of sacromere helps anchors the thick filaments together
I band contain only thin filaments are lighter in appearance
proteins
troponin
tropomyosin
actin
only thick filaments are present is called the H zone
darker bands are called A band all myosin overlap includes thick filaments and any region where the thin filaments overlap with them
mitochondria is the power house
The process of building proteins
proteins are made of long chains of amino acids
peptide bonds are the chemical bonds that keep amino acids together
central dogma
the process that a cell goes through to use its DNA to build protein
transcription a cell its DNA to make an mRNA message and translation a cell translates the mRNA message into a protein
A cell translation to take an mRNA message and turn into a functional protein
excitation contraction coupling
a single motor neuron conducts action potential travel thru muscle fibers within a muscle
single muscle fiber we see in an action potential travels across the entire sarcolemma and is rapidly into the iner of muscle fiber by structure called transverse tubules
transverse or t tubules have space foldings in sarcolemma that branch throughout muscle fiber
t tubules contact with calcium storing membranous network known as the sacro plasmic reticulum
the SR forms sac like bulges called terminal cisternae one portion of a t tubule plus two adjacent terminal cisternae is known as a triad
membranes of the t tubule and terminal cisternae are linked by a series of proteins that calcium releases
then the shape changes once calcium release channel in the SR allowing calcium ions to flood the sarcoplasm
calcium triggers a contraction of the skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions are responsible for the coupling of excitation to the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers
The process of bone remodeling
osteocytes mature bone cells
osteoblasts are bone builders cells
osteoclasts are bone breaking cells
parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
muscular system is to control the movement and making heat for body also contracts muscle or get shorter when contracting skeletal system to attach the cartilage and bones to muscle also its for structure and support some are involuntary while other are voluntary
Downstream effects
DIRECT problem: the patient will also have problems with their respiratory system affecting the way oxygen is giving thru the body
INDIRECT problem: the patient (organ) lung would soon be unable to work as strong as they do because shortness of breath will start to occur also when swallowing can get very difficult can cause to choke on food
DIRECT problem: the first problem that would happen to her muscular system is the bones start to weaken little by little soon making it hard to walk
INDIRECT problem: the patient organs like the heart might not be able to do a lot of physical activities because the (organ) heart will have abnormal heart beats and will eventually use a wheelchair to move around , the patient will also experience frequent falls or tripping o
DIRECT problem: the skeletal system might not be able to perform the right posture will soon fail from being up to bending spinal cord back
INDIRECT problem: the spinal cord Curvature cause for one hip to be higher than other. The way our skeletal body starts to work would be different than normal like walking on tip toes
physiology
functions of the skeletal muscle fiber
Sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of the muscle cell
Sarcoplasm H20 solution containing ATP and phosphagens, as well as the enzymes and intermediate and product molecules involved in many metabolic reactions.
sarcoplasmic reticulum is the smooth reticulum that stores calcium in a resting muscle cell
functions of the proteins in the sarcomere
tropomyosin & troponin are regulatory proteins.
proteins that do not actively participate in contraction but control whether or not it can occur
troponin interacts with ion calcium, when calcium is released both regulatory proteins change shape, allowing actin and myosin to interact with one another and trigger muscle contraction
troponin can be bumped out of place by the ion of calcium
tropomyosin runs along the entire length of the thin filament and covers the myosin binding sites when the muscle is at rest
thin myofilaments made of protein actin
function of bone remodeling
lacuna is where the osteocytes live in mainting the strengh of bone
osteoblasts secrete collagen and calcium binding proteins
osteoclasts secrete enzymes to break down boney tissue
parathyroid hormone responds too little calcium in the blood break down bone
calcitonin decreases blood vessels
thick myofilaments made of protein called myosin
excitation of contraction of coupling
fibers
sarcolemma
t tubules
sarcoplasmic reticulm
triad
calcium
sarcoplasm
muscle system will function different by not being strong muscles and the skeletal system will show symptoms of fatigue or clumness