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Ch 4 Carbs, Ch 4 Carbohydrates (diabetes (risk factors
type1: before…
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Ch 4 Carbohydrates
diabetes
risk factors
type1: before 30yrs (genentics, infection, toxin, immune system)
type2: genetics and lifestyle, sedentary, diet high in refined carb, abdominal fat.
type1: insulin no longer made by body
type2: insulin present but not responcive (insulin resistant)
Gestational:pregnancy
symptoms
thirst, freq urine, blurred vision, wt loss
lost-term: damage heart,blood vessels, kidney, eye, nervous system. Increase infection
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fiber (carb+lignin in plants)
not absorbed or digested
slows movement and attracts water
binds to molecules preventing their absorption (zinc, magnesium, iron)
soluble
oats, apples, beans, seaweed
ferments in colon by bacteria
fuel source for colon cells
increase acidic: decrease bad bacteria + increase good bacteria (may decrease inflamm and cancer)
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insoluble (contains lignin)
wheat bran, rye bran, broccoli
ketones
Formed in liver when amount of carb isn't sufficient to completely metabolize units produced by fat breakdown
impact on body
normal: secreted by kidney
high level: Ketosis
ketones bulid up in body (starvation)
mild: low carb weight loss diet
severe: untreated diabetes
Refined
seperates carbs from
essential nutrients+components
-potato chips, cake, cookies,
white bread/rice, soda
unrefined
Whole food sources
-fresh fruit/vege, whole grain,
brown rice, legumes, milk
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digestion
mouth salivary amylase breakdown
stomach no digestion
sm intestine pancreatic amylase finishes breakdown
villi of sm intest break into mono/enzymes
lg intestine fiber breakdown(increase water)/bacteria fed then waste elim
absorption
-Salivary amylase
-Sm intestine (most digestion)
--pancreatic amylase: breakdown to di/oliosaccarides
--microvilli: breakdown to monosaccarides
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glucose, galatose, + frutose absorbed transported to liver via hepatic portal vein
lactose
lactase needed to breakdown lactose
absence of lactase in sm intest= lactose intolerance (lactose enters lg intest; increases both sm molecule and water retention)
calcium: milk, tofu, fish, vege, fermented milk
Insulin
pancreas hormone
allows uptake glucose by muscle and adipose tissue
stimulates protein/lipid synthesis
synthesis glycogen in liver and muscles
blood glucose levels reg by insulin&glucagon
glucose providing energy vocab
Glycemic response: rate and how high blood glucose rises after carbs are consumed
Glycemic index: ranking of how a food affects the glycemic response
Glycemic load: multiplying a food’s glycemic index by the amount of available carb in a serving of the food
other carbohydrate diseases
hypoglycemia reactive: too much insulin from carb intake (eat small protein meals) Fasting: abnorm insulin not related to food
Dental cariessucrose+bacteria make plaque. plaque+acid= dessolution of tooth enamel
heart diseasehigh whole grain reduc. water-soluble fiber binds cholesterol and reduces absorpltion