Patient has a new tattoo on his shoulder and is now experiencing severe face and arm muscle spasms , patient can hardly speak.
Background
Physiology
Anatomy
Neurons
Organ Systems
Excitatory Vs. Inhibitory
Structural
Functional
Central Nervous System
Muscular System
Integrating Neurons
Motor Neurons
Sensory
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Afferent Neurons
Collect Info from Receptors
Interneurons
Process Info & Predict right Respone
Efferent Neurons
Send Directions for Right Response
Excitation Contraction Coupling
Voltage- Gated Calcium (Ca2+) Channels Open
Calcium Binds to Troponin
Membrane of a Muscle Fiber Depolarizes
Tropomyosin Unblocks the Myosin- Binding Sites on Actin
Chemically- Gated Sodium (Na*) Channels Open
Myosin Attaches to ( and Slides Past) Actin
Neuron releases Acetylcholine (ACh)
One Extension
Spinal Cord
Two Extension
Special Sensory Organs
Most Abundant
Multiple Extension
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Says "Fire"
Open Channels that Depolarized Membrane
EPSPs
Open Channels that Hyperpolarize Membrane
Says "Don't Fire"
IPSPs
Voltage-gated Sodium Channels
No Summation
Temporal Summation
Spatial Summation
Spatial Summation of EPSPs & IPSPs
Says "Fire & Don't Fire"
Types of Summation
Temporal Summation
Spatial Summation
No Summation
Spatial Summation of EPSPs & IPSPs
Excitation Contraction Coupling
Sacrolemma
T- Tubeles
Sacroplasmic Reticulum
Action Potential
Voltage- Sensitive Proteins
Membrane
Foldings Regularly Spaced in Sacrolemma
Stores Calcium in Resting Cell
Shape Changing Proteins due to Changes in Charge
Electrical Signal that Sends Messages
Do Not Add Together
Add up Together
More than One Neuron Fires
Slowly Firing, Far apart in Time
Threshold Never Reached, No AP
Threshold Reached, AP Fires
Rapidly Firing, Close in Time
Same time, Different Location
Threshold Reached, AP Fires
More than One Neuron Fires, IPSP & EPSP
Cancels Each Other Out
Summation
Neurons Add up Messages, Predict to Depolarize or Not
Must Reach Threshold, -55 mV
Voltage Sodium Channels Open
Axon Hillock Depolarizes (where summation occurs), Generates AP
AP Reaches Synaptic End Bulb
Voltage Gated Ca2 Channels Open
Neurotransmitters by Exocytosis
Skeletal
Cardiovascular System
Heart
Blood Vessel
Transports Gases / Nutrients & Removes Waste
Mobility
Heat Production
Posture
Brain
Spine
Allows Movement
Heat Production
Support & Balance
Pass Messages from Sensory Receptors to Brain
Controls Thoughts, Memory, Speech, & Movement
Clostridium Tetani Impact on NMJ
Interference with the Release of the ACh
Vascular Process is Blocked, Ability to Inhibit Motor Neurons is Disrupted
Toxin Moves Throughout CNS into Terminals Responsible for releasing inhibitors
Toxin Transported Via Axons to CNS
Toxin Enters Nerve Terminals
Downstream Effects of Clostridium Tetani
Muscular System
Skeletal
Central Nervous System
Cardiovascular
Spasms
Lockjaw
Stiffness of Limbs
Bone Fractures
Tendon Ruptures and Dislocations
Cardiac Arrest
Elevated Blood Pressure
Blocked Never Signals from Spine to Muscles
Pumps Blood throughout Body
Motor & Integrating
Chemically-gated Sodium Channels
NMJ
ACh is released
Allows Membrane Potential to Reach all Myofibrils
Releases Calcium When Ready To Contract
Voltage-gated Calcium Channels
Voltage-gated Potassium Channels
Voltage-gated Chloride Channels
Cancels each other out
Contractions of the Neck in a Arch
Respiratory
Blockage of Lung Artery
Respiratory Failure
Respiratory System
Transports gases
Upstream Effects
Direct
Indirect
Patient didn't make sure a Clean Needle was Used
Patient Was Never Vaccinated
Patient got a Tattoo at a Sketchy Place
Toxin moves out of motor neuron across the synapse Into inhibitory neuron
Toxin prevents release of inhibitory transmitters from interneuron
Interneuron can no longer control motor neuron
Motor Neuron constantly contracting muscles