Patient has a new tattoo on his shoulder and is now experiencing severe face and arm muscle spasms , patient can hardly speak.

Background

Physiology

Anatomy

Neurons

Organ Systems

Excitatory Vs. Inhibitory

Structural

Functional

Central Nervous System

Muscular System

Integrating Neurons

Motor Neurons

Sensory

Multipolar

Bipolar

Unipolar

Afferent Neurons

Collect Info from Receptors

Interneurons

Process Info & Predict right Respone

Efferent Neurons

Send Directions for Right Response

Excitation Contraction Coupling

Voltage- Gated Calcium (Ca2+) Channels Open

Calcium Binds to Troponin

Membrane of a Muscle Fiber Depolarizes

Tropomyosin Unblocks the Myosin- Binding Sites on Actin

Chemically- Gated Sodium (Na*) Channels Open

Myosin Attaches to ( and Slides Past) Actin

Neuron releases Acetylcholine (ACh)

One Extension

Spinal Cord

Two Extension

Special Sensory Organs

Most Abundant

Multiple Extension

G157BE

3+Types+of+neurons+sensory+neuron+(from+senses)+receive+stimulus

Excitatory

Inhibitory

Says "Fire"

Open Channels that Depolarized Membrane

EPSPs

Open Channels that Hyperpolarize Membrane

Says "Don't Fire"

IPSPs

Voltage-gated Sodium Channels

No Summation

Temporal Summation

Spatial Summation

Spatial Summation of EPSPs & IPSPs

Says "Fire & Don't Fire"

Types of Summation

Temporal Summation

Spatial Summation

No Summation

Spatial Summation of EPSPs & IPSPs

Excitation Contraction Coupling

Sacrolemma

T- Tubeles

Sacroplasmic Reticulum

Action Potential

Voltage- Sensitive Proteins

Membrane

Foldings Regularly Spaced in Sacrolemma

Stores Calcium in Resting Cell

Shape Changing Proteins due to Changes in Charge

Electrical Signal that Sends Messages

Do Not Add Together

Add up Together

More than One Neuron Fires

Slowly Firing, Far apart in Time

Threshold Never Reached, No AP

Threshold Reached, AP Fires

Rapidly Firing, Close in Time

Same time, Different Location

Threshold Reached, AP Fires

More than One Neuron Fires, IPSP & EPSP

Cancels Each Other Out

Summation

Neurons Add up Messages, Predict to Depolarize or Not

Must Reach Threshold, -55 mV

Voltage Sodium Channels Open

Axon Hillock Depolarizes (where summation occurs), Generates AP

AP Reaches Synaptic End Bulb

Voltage Gated Ca2 Channels Open

Neurotransmitters by Exocytosis

Skeletal

Cardiovascular System

Heart

Blood Vessel

Transports Gases / Nutrients & Removes Waste

Mobility

Heat Production

Posture

Brain

Spine

Allows Movement

Heat Production

Support & Balance

Pass Messages from Sensory Receptors to Brain

Controls Thoughts, Memory, Speech, & Movement

Clostridium Tetani Impact on NMJ

Interference with the Release of the ACh

Vascular Process is Blocked, Ability to Inhibit Motor Neurons is Disrupted

Toxin Moves Throughout CNS into Terminals Responsible for releasing inhibitors

Toxin Transported Via Axons to CNS

Toxin Enters Nerve Terminals

Downstream Effects of Clostridium Tetani

Muscular System

Skeletal

Central Nervous System

Cardiovascular

Spasms

Lockjaw

Stiffness of Limbs

Bone Fractures

Tendon Ruptures and Dislocations

Cardiac Arrest

Elevated Blood Pressure

Blocked Never Signals from Spine to Muscles

Pumps Blood throughout Body

Motor & Integrating

Chemically-gated Sodium Channels

NMJ

ACh is released

Allows Membrane Potential to Reach all Myofibrils

Releases Calcium When Ready To Contract

Voltage-gated Calcium Channels

Voltage-gated Potassium Channels

Voltage-gated Chloride Channels

Cancels each other out

Contractions of the Neck in a Arch

Respiratory

Blockage of Lung Artery

Respiratory Failure

Respiratory System

Transports gases

Upstream Effects

Direct

Indirect

Patient didn't make sure a Clean Needle was Used

Patient Was Never Vaccinated

Patient got a Tattoo at a Sketchy Place

Toxin moves out of motor neuron across the synapse Into inhibitory neuron

Toxin prevents release of inhibitory transmitters from interneuron

Interneuron can no longer control motor neuron

Motor Neuron constantly contracting muscles