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Metabolism (Enzymes (Substrate (binds to an a specific enzyme to (R group…

- - - - only speed up some some reactions
  - - - Transition state
        
        bonds of reactant have been broken
  - - - molecules start to collide
  - - - R group makes the products
- - - - causes heat
  - - - 1 phosphate bonds to another moecule
        
        = more reactive
        
        form positive to negative G
  - - - ADP + an inorganic phosphate
      - Requires energy
- - - - is used to describe the randomness of molecules
      - the more spread out the more disorder
      - Spontaneous
        
        increases the amount of disorder
        
        catabolic because energy is being released
        
        need a push to keep a reaction to occur on its own
        
        Ex; Firework is lighted on and then explodes
        
        Non Spontaneous
        
        requires energy the whole time in order to work
        
        Ex: food being cooked needs heat the whole time
        
        decrease the disorder
        
        it uses energy instead of releasing it
- - - - mimics the substrate by binding to the activation site
        
        substrate can not enter activation site
      - lowers the rate of products
      - Noncompetitive inhibitors
        
        bind to an enzyme other than the activation site
        
        changes the shape of the enzyme
        
        Allosteric regulation
        
        a regulating molecule binds to the enzyme not activation site
        
        changes the shape of the protein
        
        Cooperative
        
        1 substrates binds to 1 of the 4 sites
        
        cause all the site to change it shape
        
        Feedback inhibition
        
        the substrate changes in step until it is a product
        
        some products than act like inhibitors
        
        prevents cell from making too much
- - - - starts off as a molecule and ends up as a product
      - changes because is is catalyzed by certain enzymes
    - - release energy due to the brake down of molecules (exergonic)
      - complex to simple molecules
      - Ex; sugar glucose= carbon dioxide & water
      - energy can now be used by the cell
      - Cellular Respiration
        
        sugar is broken down to create energy that our cells can use sugar is made in photo
        
        sugars=Food(carbohydrates)that is broken down Catabolic
        
        Glucose & oxygen = reactants
        
        too much glucose = stored as fat in tissues
        
        glucose - glycogen = glycogenesis ( create)
        
        braking down glycogen - glucose = glycogrnolysis (break)
        
        1 more item...
        
        glucose= 6 carbon
        C6H12O6
        
        1st step = Glycolysis @ the cytoplasm
        
        breaks glucose into 2 Pyruvate Catabolic Entropy
        
        2 (each pyruvate has 3 carbons)
        
        uses 2 ATP for this posses
        
        creates 4 ATP but only a NET gain of 2, since 2 were needed to start the reation Endorgonic
        
        (NAD+ = NADH when H ions ) =2 NADH
        
        1 more item...
        
        Does not need oxygen to occur
        
        if no oxygen = NADH= h+ to pyruvate = Lactic Acid
        
        1 more item...
        
        Step 2 intermediate @ mitochondria
        
        2 (1 carbon form the pyruvate is released) Exergonic / Entropy
        
        3 more items...
        
        fatty acids/ glycerol enter
        
        fatty acids/ glycerol & amino acids enter
        
        Proteins/ lipids(fats) are macro-molecules that can be used as a sources as energy = gluconeogenesis
        
        Redox reaction
        
        electron are shifted from 1 substance to another
        
        oxidation
        
        lose of an electron exergonic
        
        reduction
        
        gain of electrons
        
        Equation
        
        Glucose + oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water+Energy
        
        C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O+ ATP
    - - consumes energy to build molecules
      - simple to complex molecules
      - Ex: amino acids = protein
      - Photosynthesis Anabolic
        
        energy from the sun is transformed into chemical energy
        
        plants make their own food form the sun (sugar) autrotrophs
        
        Hetrotrophs get nutrients from eating plants
        
        chloroplast are found in plants CR @ mitochondria
        
        Light
        
        Pigments
        
        photon light that makes the electron of pigments exited
        
        absorbs a wavelength of (visible ) light
        
        Chlorophyll
        
        @ thylakoid has a green pigment
        
        absorbs red/ blue so it reflects the green
        
        low energy electrons ( ground state)
        
        absorbs energy = exited state (high energy)
        
        Reflected = is bounced off
        
        Transmitted = light passes through
        
        Absorbs
        
        set of wavelengths we can see
        
        ranges from 400 (blue) - 700 (red)
        
        Short wavelengths = more energy (blue)
        
        Light reactions
        
        1st step = Photosytstem II 680
        
        @ thylakoid light + water are taken in
        
        light - to a pigment molecule passes on energy until it reaches a pair of chlorophyll a pair
        
        electron of chlorophyll = high energy - transferred to primary electron acceptor
        
        2 more items...
        
        @ cytoplasm
        
        use energy from the sun
        
        linear electron flow
        
        creates ATP and NADPH
        
        Dark Reactions
        
        Calvin cycle @ stroma
        
        like the critic cycle molecules enter and exit
        
        builds carbohydrates form small molecules using up energy Endorgonic / enthaphy
        
        Step 1 carbon fixation
        
        2 more items...
        
        anabolic
        
        makes ATP by solar energy from the sun and creates NADPH from electron form H2O
        
        is used to make sugar form carbohydrates
        
        Equation
        
        6CO2+12H2O+light= C6H12O6+602+6H2O
- - - - Kinetic
        
        movement of molecules
        
        is passed down to others
        
        *Thermal
        
        transfer for one to another object = heat
      - Potential
        
        Chemical
        
        energy that is stored is released
- - - - can be calculated using an equation
        
        ^G = ^ H - T ^ S
    - - is the total energy H
      - potential energy in bonds
      - energy is realsed from bonds to do work
      - If ^H decrease = ^ G decrease
        
        spontaneous reaction their is a decrease in change
    - - S disorder in the system
      - the more scattered around the more disorder
      - If ^ S increases = ^ G
    - - T is the temperature
      - an increase in temp is can cause a reaction
      - temp increases = decrease of ^G
    - - ^ G change in energy that can be used
      - (negative ) ^G is spontaneous
        
        loss of free energy