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23 YOM muscle spasm (Backround (GI system (Breakdown of food starting with…

- - - - Tetanus releases the toxin tetanospasmin that is transported through blood vessels
        
        Tetanospasmin enters the local neural cell and targets the VAMP protein
        
        VAMP protein is responsible for the release of ACh
        
        Vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)
        
        This leads to local paralysis due to interference with ACh
        
        Because tetanospasmin can be transported further up the neural pathway to the CNS, its effects become systemic
        
        Once it reaches CNS, the toxin attacks VAMP inhibiting the release of GABA and glycine
        
        Results in partial, functional denervation of lower motor neurons
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Collects sensory input from environment and body
        
        Process and interpret input
        
        Respond appropriately to input
      - Brain
      - Spinal cord
      - Nerves
      - Nerve pathways
    - - Provides form, support, stability, and movement of the body
      - Muscle
      - Skin
      - Bone
  - - - Transportation down to stomach
        
        Absorption of nutrients through GI tract
  - - - Using negative pressure in thoracic cavity caused by diaphragm
        
        Facilitates gas exchange in the lungs
        
        Onboarding of 02
        
        Offloading of C02
    - - Oral/nasal pharynx
      - Epiglottis
      - Trachea
    - - Corina
      - Bronchioles
      - Lungs
- - - - Artificial active immunity
        
        Causes an immune response and production of antibodies
        
        The body will recognize the antigen and develop antibodies rapidly
  - - - Transported by motor neurons to the spinal cord
        
        Toxin is transferred to inhibitory presynaptic terminals surrounding motor neurons
        
        Toxin destroys a vesicular synaptic membrane protein
        
        Results in inactivation of inhibitory neurotransmission that suppresses muscle activity
        
        Results in enhanced excitability and activation of affected motor neurons
        
        Systemic circulation results in continuous involuntary muscle contraction
- - - - 2 extensions from cell body
        
        Found in special sensory organs
    - - 1 extension from cell body
        
        Found in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
    - - Multiple extensions from cell body
        
        Most abundant in the body
  - - - Functional classification of neurons
        
        Interneuron
        
        Connect spinal motor and sensory neurons and transfer signals between them
        
        Sensory
        
        Collect information and relay it to the CNS
        
        Unipolar
        
        Motor
        
        Transmit impulses from spinal cord to smooth and skeletal muscles
        
        Upper motor neurons
        
        Travel between brain and spinal cord
        
        Lower motor neurons
        
        Travel from spinal cord to muscles
- - - - Causes laryngospasm affecting upper airway
      - Paralysis of the diaphragm
        
        No negative pressure created to inflate lungs
        
        Respiratory failure
    - - Sudden involuntary muscle spasms in the stomach
        
        Nausea/vomitting
        
        Malnutrition
        
        Dehydration
        
        Hypovolemia
      - Throat spasms cause aphagia and/or dysphagia
        
        Aspiration risk
      - Abdominal cramping causes increased gastric motility
        
        Diarrhea
        
        Dehydration
        
        Hypovolemia
    - - Headaches
      - Parasthesia
      - Seizures
    - - Primary effect of tetanus is on the masseter muscle of the jaw
        
        Lockjaw
      - Rigidity of the back muscles causes arching presentation
      - Chest wall muscles spasms or stiffen causing breathing difficulty
- - - - Results in depolarization of the postsynaptic cell
- - - - 2 EPSPs close in time add together
        
        Summation brings the axon's initial segment to threshold and AP fires
  - - - EPSPs are generated at different locations on the neuron
        
        Summation brings the axon's initial segment to threshold and AP fires
- - - - Ca2+ is released from the SR in response to the change in voltage
        
        Ca2+ binds to troponin; Cross-bridges form between actin and myosin
        
        AChE removes ACh from the synaptic cleft
        
        Ca2+ is transported back into the SR
        
        Tropomyosin binds active sites on actin causing the cross-bridge to detach