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Lecture 5: Motive Perspective (Theoretical elements (Motive (Motives are…
Lecture 5: Motive Perspective
Theoretical elements
Motive
Provide a venue through which needs operate
Pertain to goals and desires
are ultimately reflected in actions
Motives are based on needs
states of tension within a person
when need is satisfied, tension is reduced
eg. need for food creates motivational state Hunger->behaviour that will reduce hunger
clusters of cognitions with affective overtones, organised around preferred experiences and goals
Motives propel ppl to perceive, think and act in ways that serve to satisfy a need
Press
influence motives and acts as trigger for motivational states
eg. seeing cold lemonade stall (press)
an external condition that creates a desire to get/avoid smth
Needs
stronger the need, more intense the behaviour and sooner it is reflected in action (more priority)
Def
reflects an unsatisfactory state of being, derived from biological and psychological sources
Manifestation of an internal state
eg. biological needs for food, water, sex or psychological needs for power achievement intimacy
a need is a physical condition you don't sense directly BUT it creates a motivational state that you DO experience
Murray's System of Needs
every individual has different dispositional tendencies towards some particular level of each need
single behaviours can satisfy multiple needs (eg. being loud at party)
emphasizes universal needs, focus on psychological needs
needs can facilitate each other or conflict
Assessments
Picture Story Exercise
shown pics of ppl interact with each other in an ambiguous situation
similar methodology to TAT
Diff bet TAT and PSE
Individual setting; Group administration
Pictures emotionally evocative and with psychodynamic qualities; Pictures of everyday, commonplace events
clinician administered & interpreted by psychologists; standardised setting, instructions, scoring conventions
Thematic Apperception Test
How it works
present ambiguous picture->participant provide detailed story abt picture
based on assumption
latent/implicit needs->needs are reflected in long-term behaviour
that through apperception, latent needs are projected onto the story's content
manifest/explicit needs-> needs reflected in day to day behaviour
Developed by Henry Murray to assess latent/implicit needs
Dispositional tendencies emerge over multiple pictures
Apperception
mental process of making sense of an idea by assimilating it to the body of ideas he/she possess
Big 3 needs
Need for power
PSE images: vigorous action, concern abt status, position or self-image
High need for power
take active, assertive controlling orientation in peer interactions
Less concessions in negotiations
choose submissive friends
Manifest differently
high responsibility->conscientious pursuit of power (use power to impact on others in socially acceptable, +ve ways)
low responsibility->profligate, impulsive pursuit of power(use less acceptable ways eg. physical aggression, exploitation)
desire to have an impact on others, to have prestige, to feel strong
Need for affiliation
PSE images: concern abt acceptance by others, attempts to establish and maintain relationships
High need for affiliation
engage in more time in social activities
Experience most r/s satisfaction if matched with someone high in need for affiliation as well
more agreeable and concern over being liked
desire to spend time with others
active, "doing" orientation, does not focus much on +ve affirmative aspects of close relationships
Need for achievement
when given PSE images: obtaining goals, overcoming adversity & performing well
difficulty preference of tasks
low nAch
prefer very easy/very diff tasks
doing poorly for diff tasks won't reflect badly on them
High nAch
prefer moderate difficulty->tasks give most info abt ability & competence, high diagnosticity
do well at easy task->don't learn much abt your ability since everyone does well
fail at diff task->also don't learn abt ability cos almost no one does well
desire to do things well and feel pleasure in overcoming obstacles
Need for intimacy
PSE images: disclosing communication, sharing thoughts and feelings
more passive than need for affiliation, towards a "being" orientation
desire to experience warm, close and communicative exchanges with another person
High need for intimacy
tends to engage in more listening behaviour
associated with greater marriage and job satisfaction
more one-on-one interaction and self-disclosing interactions
Patterns of Needs
Incentive value
various situations have diff incentive values to diff ppl, even if situations fulfill the same need
diff bet incentive and needs
incentive values relate to choices within a domain of action (eg. Go to party, join a club, or call a friend, they all got diff incentive values)
Needs influence behaviour at nonconscious level; incentive values more conscious level
degree to which a given action can satisfy a need
Inhibited Power Motivation
associated with higher non-technical managerial success
IPM imagery in politicians' speeches before British war
Able to inhibit use of power
low need for affiliation + high need for power
good for leadership cos
not overly concerned abt being disliked, like to influence ppl, want to follow orderly procedures and stay within organisational framework
TAT/PSE vs Self-reports (MDFO)
TAT/PSE
tied to
desire
for broad, primitive affective experiences
predicts
frequency
of motive-relevant feelings
Reflects implicit
motives
predicts long-term
outcomes
such as business success
Self-reports
Tied to
desire
for specific action goals
Predicts
frequency
of motive-relevant events related to specific goals
Reflects self-attributed
motives
Predicts short-term behaviour
outcomes
eg. how competitive one will behave on a computer game
Motive and Five-Factor Model
Integrative approach
Traits represent the channels through which motives are expressed
"Channeling hypothesis"
Motives are fundamental desires
eg. Need to affiliate but being introverted governs my choice to satisfy the need through a party or by a quiet intimate meal