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Metabolism (GIBBS FREE ENERGY (entropy/enthalpy changes (as entropy goes…

- - - - loss of free energy; spontaneous
    - - non spontaneous; keep feeding energy
    - - equilibrium; nothing
- - - - .
        
        (exergonic) energy release of 4 ATP and 2 NADH
        
        net gain of 2 ADP
      - Exergonic process
      - Reactants: 1 glucose 2 ATP
      - Products: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
      - (catabolic) Glucose (6 Carbons) broken in half to make pyruvate using 2 ATP
    - - .
        
        (catabolic) 1 carbon released for each pyruvate and CO2 breathed out
        
        2 carbons remain for each ---> acetyl co-a (catabolic)
        
        acetyl co-a (anabolic)
        
        Reactants: Pyruvate
        
        2 C mol. oxidized and produce 1 NADH (exergonic)
        
        Products: 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, CO2
    - - ATP synthase converts ADP into ATP (anabolic/endergonic) powered by H+ mvmnt thru mitochondria (anabolic/endergonic)
      - NADH+ phosphorylate 3 ADP into 3 ATP
      - 10 NADH, 2 FADH produced and provide electron to crystal and H ions pumped thru membrane
      - H binds to O2 and release of water (exergonic)
      - one FADH2 to power 2 ADP
      - Product: up to 34 ATP
      - Reactants: 10 NADH, 2 FADH
    - - 2 Acetyl-CoA per glucose that powers to turns into 2 cycles
      - .
        
        Products: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, CO2
      - (2 carbon) Acetyl-CoA binds to oxaloacetic (anabolic/exergonic) (4 carbon) to make citric acid
      - 2 C removed as CO2
      - Reactants: 2 Acetyl-CoA
  - - - Catabolic pathways and ATP
        
        Aerobic respiration: O consumed as reactants
        
        cell. resp.: Process to make CO2, water and energy
        
        Fermentation: degradation of sugars and etc. w/o Oxygen
      - Stages of cell. resp.
        
        Citric acid cycle: breakdown of glucose to CO2
        
        Glycolyisis: breaking glucose into pyruvate
        
        Oxidative phosphorylation: ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions in electron transport chain
        
        substrate-lvl phosphorylation: smaller # ATP produced enzyme transfers phosphate from substrate mol. to ADP
      - Oxidation of organic fuel mol.
        
        NADH: enzyme reduced form
        
        electron transport chain: proteins that move electrons across membrane
        
        NAD+: oxidized coenzyme that carries (e)
      - Redox reactions (oxidation.reduction)
        
        Reduction: add electrons
        
        reducing agent: electron donor
        
        Oxidation: less electrons
        
        oxidizing agent: electron acceptor
        
        Redox reactions: electron transfers
    - - acetyl CoA: half pyruvate with high potential energy
    - - ATP synthase: enzyme that makes ATP from ADP
      - chemiosmosis: H ion stored energy drives work i.e. ATP synthase
      - cytochromes: remaining e carriers that are protein
      - proton-motive force: H+ gradient that performs work
    - - lactic acid fermentation: pyruvate reduced by NADH to make lactase w/o release of CO2
      - obligate anaerobe: carry out only fermentation or anaerobic fermentation
      - alcohol fermentation: private made to ethanol in 2 steps; pyruvate into acetaldehyde and then reduced by NADH to ethanol
      - facultative anaerobes: organisms that make
- - - - Chlorophyll: green pigment
      - Stroma: fluid inside the chloroplast
      - Light reaction: (photo) solar to chemical energy
      - Stomata: pores where CO2 goes through
      - Calvin cycle: (synthesis )
      - Carbon fixation: add Carbon to organic compounds
      - Thylakoids: sacs in the stroma
      - mesophyll: cells in the tissue fo leaves
      - NADPH: reduced from NADP+ by adding e and H+
      - NADP+: electron acceptor that stores
      - Phosphorylation: addition of phosphate to ADP
    - - Heterotrophs: feed from autographs directly/indirectly
      - Chloroplast: cellular organelles
      - Autotrophs: self-feeder
    - - photons: discrete particles
      - Chlorophyll a: light reaction
      - Chlorophyll b: accessory
      - Action spectrum: measures absorption effectiveness
      - Reaction center complex: has chlorophyll a and primary electron acceptor
      - Light harvesting complex: various pigments bonded to protein
      - Primary electron acceptor accepts and reduces (e) by redox reaction
      - Photosystem II: discovered second buthappemns first in the process
      - Photosystem I: discovered first but happens second in the process
      - Carotenoids: accessory pigments (yellow/orange)
      - Cyclic electron flow: uses photosystem I but not II
      - Visible light: what can be seen; aka the electromagnetic spectrum
      - wavelength: crests bw waves
      - electromagnetic spectrum: range of radiation
      - Spectrophotometer: measures ability of pigment to absorb
      - absorption spectrum: graph plotting absorption vs. wavelength
      - Linear electron flow: flow of electrons
    - - glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: carbohydrate produced from Calvin cycle
      - Photorespiration: occurs in light but produces CO2
      - C3 plants: first product is g3p
      - bundle-sheath cells: photosynthetic cells
      - C4 : prefer Calvin cycle with 3 carving compound a product
      - CAM: mode of carbon fixation night plants take CO2 and incorporate hot into organic acids
      - PEP Carboxylase: enzyme that adds CO2 to PEP to make oxaloacetate
      - CAM plants: store organic acids made
      - Rubisco: enzyme that does carbon fixation in Calvin cycle
  - - - e are passed on from ps II into cytochrome complex
      - in thylakoid light and water taken in . H2O is broken by ps II into e, h ions, O I waste (catabolic/exergonic)
- - - - kinetic energy: relative motion
      - thermal energy: random mvmnt of mol.
      - heat: transfer of thermal energy
      - Potential energy : not moving but posses energy
      - chemical energy: potential energy available for release in chem. reaction
      - energy: capacity to cause change
    - - catabolic: release energy by breakdown
      - Anabolic: consume energy to build
    - - exergonic reaction: net release of free energy
      - endergonic reaction: absorbs free energy
      - free energy: energy that can perform work
    - - energy coupling: use of exergonic to drive endergonic process
      - phosphorylated intermediate: recipient molecule w/ phosphate group (when transfer of phosphate from ATP)
    - - substrate: reactant an enzyme acts on
      - enzyme-substrate complex: enzyme binds to substrate
      - active site: restricted region where enzyme bonds to substrate
      - induced fit: tightening of the binding after the initial contact
      - noncompetitive inhibitors: do not compete with the substrate to bind with the enzyme
      - competitive inhibitors: reduce productivity of the enzyme by blocking substrates from entering active sites.
      - allosteric regulation: proteins function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory mol. to to a separate site
      - feedback inhibition: end product of several enzyme reactions. (knows to stop)
      - cooperatively: substrate triggers a shape change and increases catalytic activity