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Needs of Diff. Social Groups (Migrants) (Barriers to Accessing Resources…
Needs of Diff. Social Groups (Migrants)
Intro
econ. success of many cities is heavily reliant on attractiveness as residence for migrant communities e.g. Doha in Qatar.
to attract high-Y grps, cities should be perceived as liveable, providing wide range of urban qualities
migration can result in increased vulnerability. barriers to accessing resources & opportunities reduce liveability
est. 232M int'l migrants, 740M internal migrants today
Barriers to Accessing Resources & Opportunities
reduced access to social networks
: disrupts fam & community ties that help provide resources & emotional support. however, ethnicity-based networks are an impt. source of resilience. the need to be familiar w/ ppl->
ethnic enclaves
(any small, distinct area/group enclosed within larger one), due to safety in no.s & preservation of identity/promo of cultural heritage
reduced knowledge of local env. & social context
: at least in SR. includes insufficient awareness of local resources & opportunities, how to access them & local hazards
legal & admin
: laws & regulations can exclude them from formal access to housing, employment, healthcare, edu etc. often due to policies regulating immigration but registration requirements for internal urban migrants too
inadequacy of skills for labour mkt
: may have to deal w/ structural UN, more relevant for rural-urban migration. but sometimes diff. skill set may be an advantage when filling local skill gaps
linguistic
: impedes access to labour mkt.s, info like disaster preparedness warnings, healthcare, admin procedures. may be present in countries w/ more than 1 language
lack of representation, discrimination & xenophobia
: lack of political representation-> lack of recognition within decision-making processes of needs. outright hostile env.s-> exclude migrants from resources & svc.s or expose them to risks. migrants may end up living in informal settlements, work in informal economy
faced w/ legal, cultural, social barriers to accessing full range of resources, svc.s & opportunities cities offer-> forced to live in conditions of exclusion, segregation & vulnerability
Lack of Access to Quality Healthcare
barriers
due to lack of regular legal status. even if have access, may avoid them due to fear of deportation, discrimination
language
: can '-'ly impact diagnostics, medication, adherence to treatment protocols
law & admin
: migrants often excluded from national/city-lvl health systems, due to laws & regulations. e.g. China's hukou system of household registration, migrants lack official documentation, excluded from urban svc.s. lack of health insurance coverage + high costs = barriers
knowledge
: knowledge abt healthy behaviours & disease prevention are higher in urban than rural, as they are easily reached by mass media & campaigns. health literacy & immunisation coverage much lower in slums, often rural-urban migrants)
discrimination, victimisation & stigmatisation
: '-' attitudes of health staff. in China, migrants w/ TB reported they were dismissed by employers or avoided
improving migrants' health: inclusive health system
: e.g. Municipal Gov. of Seoul intro'ed med aid for undocumented & uninsured foreign workers, their fam.s & refugees in 2012. fully cover surgery costs & hospital charges up to 5M won.
Strategies
planing for effects of migration is similar to planning for growing pop. but need multicultural urban planning, which considers diversity of pop. e.g. distinct interests, where they live, work
Access to Decent & Affordable Housing
subsidised rental housing: key issue is to ensure allocation policies are transparent & fair. where public subsidised social rented housing has been transferred to NGOs (Sweden, UK), require systems of regulation, monitoring & inspection
pte mkt: gov.s will need to use indirect measures of regulation & subsidies to facilitate access to pte rented sector. requires actions related to costs, tenancy contract & alleviation of prejudice/attitude to risk on part of the landlords
Removal of Barriers thru Inclusion
efforts by local authorities, often complemented by pte sector & civil society actors can reduce obstacles faced by migrants, facilitating their access to econ. opportunities, healthcare & promote harmonious communities
there are even cases of local authorities that look at fostering participation of migrants in host communities by involving them in dev. prog.s that target their communities of origin
e.g. Majulah Belanja, which fosters shared exp.s btw migrant workers & SGans thru food. at dorms, cook off ft. food from hometowns & watermelon carving competition.