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chapter 8 (8.2 Gibbs free energy (Δ G = Δ H − T Δ S (Δ G, is the change in…

- - - - reactions that absorb energy (photosynthesis)
  - - - reactions that use energy (ATP to ADP)
  - - - exergonic, break bonds
  - - - endergonic, make bonds
- - - - energy can be reused and recycled, but it cannot be destroyed as it is only lost though heat, which then goes back around and becomes usable energy again
  - - - Any time energy is transferred from one facet to another, some of it is lost as heat
  - - - breaking down something resulting in the release of energy (exergonic)
    - - building something resulting in stored energy (endergonic)
- - - - ATP + H2O >>> ADP + released energy (P )
      - hydrolysis
        
        water is added and strips a bond by adding its own bond
      - ADP uses an endergonic reaction to power the reproduction of ATP
    - - catabolic reactions in the cell
        
        ADP utilize the "free energy" to re-pair with a Phosphate to make ATP
        
        ADP + P >>> ATP + H2O
  - - - ATP providing the energy needed to synthesize polymers into monomers
    - - ATP powering motor proteins to walk alone the cytoskelleton
    - - ATP powering proteins to pump against the concentration gradient
  - - - Phosphorylated intermediate
        
        the recipient of the phosphate
- - - - the reaction is lowered and it makes for a smoother bell curve
        
        by putting pressure on the bonds of molecules, it allows for the ATP to make the reaction occur easier (not faster)
  - - - active site: a protein fold that makes a slot where a reaction ca occur
      - substrait: another enzyme that fits in the fold
      - enzyme substrait complex: when the two proteins are interlocked
      - competitive inhibitor: blocks the substrait by integrating into the activation site
      - non-competitive: changes the activation site so that it cannot receive
      - Allosteric: changes the folding of the protein to change what can enter the active site
      - cooperativity: a substrait that changes the activation site for the protein
      - Feedback inhibition: assembly line of change to an enzyme. Once it is finished the process it inhibits the cell from making to much. It regulates enzymes
  - - - co-factors: non-protein helpers that aid catabolic reactions by interacting with proteins
      - co-enzyme: specifically non-organic helpers