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Metabolism Chapter 8,9, and 10 (Enzymes are macromolecule that acts as a…

- - - - Thermal energy is kinetic energy in reference to the random movement of atoms or molecules
    - - Chemical energy: the energy biologists refer to as the energy available for release in a chemical reaction.
  - - - Phosphorylated intermediate: The recipient molecule with the phosphate group covalently bonded .
      - Phosphorylation: the transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule like the reactant.
- - - - In words, the equation is available energy= the change in total energy - (temperature x disorder).
        
        ΔG < 0 Spontaneou reaction = Endergonic ΔG > 0 non-spontaneous = Exergonic ΔG= 0 equilibrium no reaction
        
        Exergonic Reaction: a reaction that releases free energy or available energy
        
        Endergonic Reaction: A reaction that takes in free energy or Available energy
        
        ΔG or Available energy: the total chemical reaction happening inside of an organism.
        
        ΔH or total energy (enthalpy): This can be can also be looked at as change in potential energy. As a ball falls down a slide, the potential energy changed.
        
        ΔS or disorder (entropy): this is the measure for randomness or disorder.
        
        Temperature: average movement of molecules, in K (Kelvin)
        
        Kelvin is C +273
- - - - Also known as the law of conservation of energy.
        
        Photosynthesis: a plant takes light in and converts the light energy into chemical energy.
    - - Buildings breaking down or the breaking down of energy into heat.
      - Entropy: The study of randomness
- - - - Catabolic pathways: these are the breakdown pathways. In cellular respiration, sugar glucose and other organic fuels are broken down into carbon dioxide and water in the presence of oxygen
      - Anabolic pathways: pathways that require energy to create. Synthesis of amino acids, photosynthesis or anabolic steroids. They require energy to work.
- - - - Allosteric Regulation: a proteins function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site.:
        
        Cooperativity: a substrate molecule binding to the active site in a multisubunit enzyme, triggers a shape change in all the subunits. Increasing catalytic activity.
        
        Feedback inhibition: An ATP generating pathway by ATP itself.
- - - - The Intermediate Step (mitochondria)
        
        Krebs Cycle/ Cittric Acid Cycle (mitochondrial matrix)
        
        The Electron Transport Train and Oxydative Phosporylation (Cristae of Mitochondria)
        
        ATP Synthase converts ADP into ATP (anabolic and endergonic) Powered by H+ movement through the intermembrane of the mitochondria.
        
        The electrons helps NADH, phosphorylate 3 ADP to ATP, and 1 FADH2 phosphorylate 2 ATP.
        
        Reactants are 10 NADH 2 FADH and they produce 34 ATP
        
        Acetyl COA binds to Oxaloacetic Acidto make Citric Acid in an endergonic process
        
        Citric acid is broken down in to 2 CO2 and a 4 carbon Oxoalocetic acid to restart at step 1 (exergonic)
        
        2 cycles produces; 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2. CO2 is lost in respiration.
        
        2 Pyruvates each and 3 carbons each
        
        1 Carbon released for each Puruvate
        
        Each Carbon binds to oxygen and electrons
        
        CO2 is released by organism when exhaling
        
        2 Carbons Remain for each Acetyl COA from the catabolic process
        
        Acetyl COA is the product of the Anabolic process
        
        NAD+ (x2) goes threough an endergonic process to turn into NADH (x2)
        
        The Reactants 2 Pyruvates and products are 2 acetyl COA, 2 CO2, @ NADH
      - 2 ATP break glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules
        
        glucose has 6 carbons so by breaking them we get 3 carbons
        
        Covalent bonds are catobolically broken down.
        
        This converts 4 ADP into 4 ATP; 2 NAD+ into 2 NADH ( endergonic)
        
        This gives us a net gain of 2 ATP
        
        The Reactants are 1 Glucose and 2 ATP and the Products are 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP, and 2 NADH
  - - - Lactic Acid Fermentation: pyruvate reduced by NADH to form lactate as the end product, regenerating NAD+, with no release of CO2
        
        Alcohol Fermentation: Pyruvate is converted into ethanol. CO2 is released.
- - - - Stomata/ Stoma: these are the pores found on the leaf that allows for carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to lexit
        
        Mesophyll: This is the tissue found in the interior of a leaf. This is the site were chloroplasts are found. A typical mesophyll cell contains about 30- 40 chloroplasts.
        
        Stroma: this is the site of photosynthesis and the location of the thylakoids. Stacked thylakoid are galled grana/ granum. chlorophyll : the pigment of plants, is located in the thylakoid membrane.
        
        Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs different light wavelengths and reflects green
- - - - G3P can re-enter the cycle of ATP and Rubisco
      - Or the G3P will split off to meet up with another G3P and form 2G3P or Glucose.
- - - - Cytochrome Complex pumps in H+ ions, from stoma, into thylakoid. e- get passed on to other proteins such as Photo System I.
- - - - Electrons (charged), H+ (uncharged) and NADP+ (uncharged) go to NADP+ reductionase. NADPH is created (Charged).
        
        H+ escape through ATP Synthase, turning ADP into ATP. This is a catabolic and endergonic reaction.