Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM By: Jennifer De Dios Pd: 4th (ANATOMY OF LONG BONES,…
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
By: Jennifer De Dios
Pd: 4th
NAMES OF BONES
HEAD/SKULL
☆Top of Head: Cranium
☆Under eye: Zugomatic Bone
☆Nose: Nasal
☆Jaw: Mandible
TORSO/THORACIC AREA
☆Neck: Cervical
☆Adam's Apple: Hyoid
☆Spine: Vertebrae (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar)
☆Collar Bones: Clavicles
☆Back Bones: Scapula
☆Ribs: Rib Cage (True Ribs, False, Floating)
☆Center of chest: Manubrium -->Sternum -->Xiphoid Process
ARMS AND LEGS
☆Upper Arm: Humerus
☆Forearm: Radius and Ulna
☆Wrist: Carpals
☆Hand: Metacarpals-->Phalanges
☆Thigh: Femur
☆Knee: Patella
☆Calf: Tibia and Fibula
☆Ankle: Tarsals
☆Feet: Calcaneus, Metatarsals-->Phalanges
PELVIS
☆Below Spine: Sacrum->Coccyx
☆Hip: Coxal Bone
☆Pelvis
TYPES OF BONES
LONG BONES
☆Has a shaft and two ends, often expanded
☆all limbs except patella, wrist, and ankle
☆Examples: Humerus, Femur
SHORT BONES
☆Cube shaped
--Sesamoid Bones: form in a tendon (Patella)
☆Examples: Tallus, Carpals
FLAT BONES
☆Thin, flattened, a bit curved
☆Examples: Sternum, Scapulae, Ribs, most Cranial bones
IRREGULAR BONES
☆Complicated shapes that fit none of previous sects
☆Examples: Vertebrae and Coxal Bone
ANATOMY OF LONG BONES
DIAPHYSIS
☆Shaft forms long axis of bone
☆Thick collar of compact bone that surrounds a central MEDULLARY CAVITY (contains no bone tissue)
--Medullary cavity has yellow marrow
EPIPHYSIS
☆Bone ends; outer shell of compact bone forms exterior and interior contains spongy bone.
☆Thin layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage covers joint surface --> cushions for movement and stress
PERIOSTEUM
☆White, double layered membrane; covers external surface of entire bone except joint surfaces
--FIBROUS LAYER: dense, irregular connective
--OSTEOGENIC LAYER: next to surface, contains osteoprogenitor cells
--PERFORATING FIBERS: bundles of collagen
ENDOSTEUM
☆Delicate connective tissue covers internal bone surfaces
covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals that pass through the compact bone
BLOOD VESSELS & NERVES
☆Nutrient artery and nutrient vein serve diaphysis
☆Nutrient artery supplies bone marrow and spongy bone --> compact bone
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF COMPACT BONE
OSTEON
☆Structural unit of compact bone/Haversian Syatem
☆Group of hollow tubes of bone matrix
--Lamella: matrix tube; collagen fibers run in different directions and tiny crystals of bone salts align between fibers and alternate directions
CANALS AND CANALICULI
☆Central canal containing small blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve Boston's cell
--Perforating canals connect blood and nerve supply of medullary cavity --> central canals
☆Lacunae: spider shaped osteocytes, hairlike canals connect lacunae and central canal
INTERSTITIAL AND CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLAE
☆Interstitial Lamellae are between incomplete osteons
☆Circumferential Lamellae: resist twisting of long bone, deep to periosteum and superficial to endosteum
BONE REMODELING
☆Osteoclasts accomplish bone resorption
--move along surface, digging depressions or grooves as they break down matrix
☆Clings to bone, sealing off area of destruction--->secrete acid to dissolve minerals and lysosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix
☆Matrix dissolved minerals are endocytosed, transported across osteoclasts and released at opposite side--> interstitial fluid and then blood
☆May also phagocyticlze dead osteocytes and any undigested mineralized matrix-->apoptosis after resorption
BONE FRACTURE REPAIR
☆Begins with reduction, realignment of broken bones end
HEMATOMA FORMS.
☆Hemorrhaged blood clots --> hematoma and fracture--> bone cells die--> swollen, painful, and inflammed
FIBROCARTILAGINOUS CALLUS FORMS.
☆New blood vessels grow into clot--> fibroblasts and chondroblasts invade fracture, produce collagen to connect bone ends --> chondroblasts secrete cartilaginous matrix --> fibrocartilaginous callus
BONY CALLUS FORMS.
☆Osteoblasts form spongy bone--> trabeculae unites fragments --> fibrocallus is replaced by immature bone --> bony (hard) callus
BONE REMODELING OCCURS.
☆Excess material on diaphysis and within medullary cavity is removed --> compact bone reconstructs shaft walls --> new bone resembles old
JOINTS
☆SYNARTHROSES: immovable joints
☆AMPIARTHROSES: Slightly movable joints
☆DIARTHROSES: Freely movable joints
FIBROUS JOINTS
☆Bones connected by collagen fibers of connective tissue
--no joint cavity --movement depends on length of connective fibers
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
☆Articulating bones are united by cartilage
--no joint cavity--not highly movable
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
☆Articulating bones are separated by fluid
--containing joint cavity--freedom of movement (joints of limbs)
☆Articular Cartilage: Glassy hyaline cartilage cushions and absorbs compressions on joint to protect ends from crush
☆Joint Cavity
☆Articular Capsule: fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane
☆Synovial Fluid
☆Reinforcing Ligaments
☆Nerves and Blood Vessels
LIST OF JOINTS
☆PLANE JOINT
Example: Metacarpals and carpals
☆HINGE JOINT
Example: Humerus and ulna
☆PIVOT JOINT
Example: Ulna and Radius
☆CONDYLAR JOINT
Example: Phalanges and Metacarpals
☆SADDLE JOINT
Example: Metacarpals and Trapezium
☆BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
☆Scapula and Humerus
DIFFERENCES BTWN MALE & FEMALE PELVIS
☆Female Pelvises account for childbirth
--larger, wider, rounder pelvic inlet
☆Male iliac crests are higher than females'
--false pelves appear taller and narrower
☆Male sacrums are longer, narrower, straighter
DISORDERS
OSTEOMALACIA & RICKETS
☆Osteomalacia: bones are poorly mineralized
--osteoid is produced, Calcium salts are uneven--> bones are weak
--pain when weight is applied
☆Rickets: analogous disease in children (more severe)
--bowed legs, deformities of pelvis, skull, and rib cage
--epiphyseal plates cannot calcify
caused by insufficient Calcium and vitamin D deficiency
OSTEOPOROSIS
☆Group of diseases: bone resorption > bone deposit
--Composition of matrix is normal; bone mass decreases--> porous and light
--Occurs mostly in postmenopausal women
PAGET'S DISEASE
☆Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption
--New pagetic bone-abnormally high ratio of spongy bone --> compact
--Compact reduced mineralization --> spotty weakening of bones
--Osteoclasts decrease, osteoblasts continue-> irregular bone is thick, filling marrow cavity with pagetic bone
MOVEMENTS
GLIDING
☆Flat bone surface glides or slips over another without angulation or rotation
Example: Intercarpal and intertarsal joints
FLEXION
☆Bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together
Example: bending head forward on chest ornknee from a straight to angled
EXTENSION
☆Reverse of flexion--increases the angle between the articulating bones and typically straightens a flexed limb or body part
Example: straightening a flexed neck, body trunk, elbow
ABDUCTION
☆Movement of a limb away from midline or median plane of the body
Example: spreading fingers or toes
ADDUCTION
☆Opposite of abduction--movement of a limb toward body midline
CIRCUMDUCTION
☆Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space, distal end of the limb moves in a circle while point of cone is more or less stationary
ROTATION
☆Turning a bone around it's own long axis
Example: Hip and first two cervical vertebrae
SUPINATION AND PRONATION
☆Supination: turning backward
☆Pronation: turning foeard
Example: radius around the ulna
DORSIFLEXION AND PLANTAR FLEXION
☆Up and down movements of the foot at the ankle
Example: lifting the foot
INVERSION AND EVERSION
☆Special movements of the foot
Example: sole of foot turns medically or faces laterally
PROTRACTION AND RETRACTION
☆Nonangulat anterior and posterior movements in a transverse plane
Example: mandible is just out or retracted
ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION
☆Elevation: lifting a body part superiority
☆Depression: body part is moved inferiorly
Example: shrugging shoulders and chewing
OPPOSITION
☆Saddle joint between metacarpal I and trapezium
Example: touch thumb to the tips of the other fingers