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Skeletal System Liliana Arredondo Period 4 : (Anatomy of Long Bone…
Skeletal System
Liliana Arredondo
Period 4
:
Human Skeleton:
made up of 206 bones
Skull:
cranium (forehead), sphenoid (temple), nasal bone, vomer bone, zygomatic bone (cheek bones), maxilla, ethmoid bone, mandible (jaw)
Torso:
hyoid and cervical vertebrae (throat), clavicle (collarbones), manubrium, sternum, scapula (shoulder blade), true ribs, xiphoid process, false ribs, floating ribs, vertebrae (spine), sacrum, coccyx
Limbs:
ARMS: humerus (upper arm), ulna and radius (forearm), carpals (wrist), metacarpals (palm), phalanges (fingers) LEGS: femur (thigh), patella (knee cap), tibia and fibula (calf), tarsals (ankle), metatarsals, phalanges (toes), calcaneus (heel of foot)
Types of Bones
flat bone:
thin; flat; curved;
ex:scapula, sternum
short bone:
cube-shaped; sesamoid
bones form in tendons;
ex:patella
long bone:
has shaft with expanded ends;
all limb bones;
ex: humerus
irregular bones:
complicated shapes;
ex: vertebrae/hip bones
Anatomy of Long Bone
epiphyses:
ends of the bone
diaphysis:
shaft
epiphyseal plate:
separates
the diaphysis and epiphyses
medullary cavity:
the marrow
cavity; has no
bone tissue;
usually
filled with yellow
marrow(fat)
periosteum:
covers external bone
surfaces
endosteum:
covers internal bone surfaces
Anatomy of Compact Bone
covered inside and out by connective tissue membrane; periosteum nourishes the bone with blood vessels; endosteum covers the internal bone surfaces like the trabeculae
has passageways
that are conduits for
nerves and blood vessels
osteons:
Haresian system
of interconnecting adult compact bone
perforating canals:
right angle connections to the medullary cavity from the periosteum
canaliculi:
small tubular passages; connects the osteocytes for communication and transportation; nourishes the bone
Bone Remodeling
osteoclasts
absorb old or deformed bone,
osteoblasts
create bone and deposit calcium, and
osteoids
calcify the bone matrix
:star: maintaining a stable level of blood calcium is vital to remodeling
low levels of blood calcium results in the release of PTH that stimulates osteoclasts to produce calcium which regulates the blood calcium homeostasis
bone growth and remodeling is altered by muscle pull and gravity
Bone Fracture Repair
1.
A hematoma forms due to broken blood vessels of the periosteum and causes swelling
2.
A fibrocartilaginous callus forms to repair tissue and connect the bone ends
3.
The cartilage condenses into a bony callus to reunite the fragments
4.
Bone remodeling occurs and the fracture is healed.
Joints
Fibrous:
synarthrosis (immovable); created with collagen fibers; sutures in skull bones; syndesmoses are bones connected with ligaments; gomphosis are peg in sockets like teeth
Cartilaginous:
amphiarthrosis (slightly movable); united by cartilage; synchondroses is a plate of immovable hyaline cartilage; symphysis is a joint where fibrocartilage connects with bones
Synovial:
diarthrosis (free-moving); fluid-filled cavity; has a ligament, cavity with synovial fluid, hyaline cartilage, articular capsule, and the periosteum
Male v.s. Female Pelvis
Females have a larger pelvic inlet and sacrum concavity. The angle of the pubic arch for women is 90 degrees while for men it is 60. Males have a heavier pelvis and their coccyx is immovable and propelled inwards. Females have a lighter pelvis with a straight, flexible coccyx.
Movement of Synovial Joints
Gliding:
back and forth; side to side
Angular:
back and forth; bending; circular
includes: hyperextension, extension, flexion, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
Rotation:
turning of the bone along its axis
includes: lateral rotation (away from) and medial rotation (toward midline)
Special Movements:
pronation and supination of the hand; dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot; inversion and eversion of the foot; protraction of mandible (jaw forward)and retraction of mandible; depression of mandible (mouth open) and elevation of mandible (mouth closed); opposition of the fingers (bending and opening/closing the fingers)
Bone Disorders
usually a result of insufficient
deposits of calcium
during remodeling
Osteomalacia:
occurs mostly in the youth; poorly mineralized bones; soft and weak bones due to lack of calcium and vitamin D
Osteoporosis:
mainly affects the older women; bone breaks down faster than it can build; decline in bone mass
Paget's Disease:
high ratio of spongy bone to compact bone; excessive bone formation in unneeded places, affects older people
