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Skeletal System Annabel Quintero Period 7 (bones (tarsals (anke),…
Skeletal System Annabel Quintero Period 7
anatomy of long bone
epiphysis (ends)
compact bone around exterior, interior contains spongy bone, covered with articular cartilage
articular cartilage
covers the external surface of the epiphysis, made of hyaline cartilage, decreases friction at joint surfaces
medullary cavity
center of long bones, contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults, contains red marrow (blood cell formation) in infants
periosteum
external covering of the bone, outer layer is. fibrous connective tissue, membrane contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, inner layers consists of bone-forming cells, secured to the underlying bone by Sharpey's fibers
diaphysis (shaft)
long axis of the bone, composed of compact bone tissue, surrounds the medullary cavity
endosteum
internal bone surface membrane in the medullary cavity, covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals of the compact bone, contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
types of bones
short bones
generally cube shaped
examples› carpals, tarsals, patella
flat bones
thin, flattened and usually curved
examples› scapula, skull, ribs, sternum
long bones
larger than wide, shaft + 2 heads, all limb bones
examples› femur, humerus, phalanges
irregular bones
irregular shape
examples› vertebrae, coccus, hip
microscopic anatomy of compact bone tissue
osteocytes
mature bone cells
osteons (Haversian system)
structural unit
osteoclasts
destroy bone
arranged in rings (concentric lamella) surrounding central canal (Haversian canal)
osteoblasts
bone building
lamella connected by canaliculi
calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide
bones
tarsals
anke
phalanges
toes and fingers
carpals
wrist
metatarsals
between the tarsal bones and the phalanges (toes)
true ribs
1-7
metacarpals
between the carpal bones and phalanges (fingers)
false ribs
8-10
fibula
leg bone located on the lateral side of the tibia
floating ribs
11-12
tibia
large bone located in the lower front portion of the leg
manubrium
upper part of the sternum
ulna
opposite side of the forearm from the thumb
xiphoid process
lower part of the sternum
radius
ateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist
zygomatic bone
upper cheek
lacrimal bone
inner eye
humerus
ong bone in the upper arm
frontal bone
forehead
femur
upper portion of the leg
occipital bone
forms the back and base of the skull
calcaneous
heel
bone remodeling
bone is often being made and/or reabsorbed at the periosteum/endosteum
response to stress and pressure- hormonal control ignores the needs of the skeleton. Wolff's law holds that a bone grows/remodels itself in response to the forces and stress exerted upon it
hormonal control- consists of two negative feedback loops
high blood Ca++ levels» calcitonin release» osteoblasts deposit bone
low blood Ca++ levels» PTH release» osteoclasts destroy bone
bone reabsorption- occurs in response to the calcium needs of the body. if there is a shortage of calcium, the osteoclasts will dissolve/absorb bone so that calcium can be sent to the muscles and nerves (increases blood calcium levels)
bone deposit- occurs when bones are injured, to make the bone stronger for a short period of time (while it's healing), but will eventually reach similar strength as the bones surrounding it
bone fracture repair
remodeling- osteons grown on shaft, medullary cavity hollowed out, final structure is stronger than the original
ossification of callus- by the osteoblasts to from spongy bone
callus formation- of collagen fibers and cartilage forms a "bridge", repair tissue forms a splint to close the gap
hematoma forms- a blood filled swelling or "bruise"
first reduction (bone is reset, realigned and immobilized by cast or traction)
joints
fibrous joints
grows between bones
synovial joints
free movement
articular cartilage
a rubber shock absorber that provides a smooth frictionless surface
joint capsule and ligaments
fibrous connective tissue connects the ends of two joining bones
ligaments reinforce the joint
synovial membrane
secretes synovial fluid that fills the joint cavity and decreases friction
synovial cavity
the space inside a joint capsule between two bones, filled with synovial fluid
cartilaginous joints
cartilage connects articulating bones
connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage
differences between male and female pelvis
the female pelvis is modified for childbearing; it is wider, shallower and lighter than the male pelvis. the male pelvis has thicker/heavier bones with more prominent bone markings, acetabula that are larger and closer together, and a narrower, heart-shaped pelvic inlet
movements allowed by synovial
joints
ball-and-socket (spheroidal)
very wide range of motion is possible (multiaxial)
condylar joint (ellipsoidal)
a variety of motions
plane or gliding joints
a back and forth motion
pivot joint (trochoid)
a cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and fibrous tissue
hinge joint
movement is in one plane only (uniaxial)
saddle joint (sellar)
permits movements in two places (biaxial)
disorders
osteoporoisis
bone thinning disease, makes bone fragile and break easily
affects long bones and spine
caused by calcium diet, low vitamin D, and low levels of estrogen
aggravated by excessive smoking and drinking
sprain
ligaments or tendons reinforcing joints are torn or stretched
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
tendonitis
inflammation of tendon sheaths
arthritis
inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
osteoarthritis
related to normal aging processes, physical trauma, or repetitive motion
rheumatoid arthritis
causes joint stiffness
the immune system attacks the joints
symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
gouty arthritis (gout)
inflammation of joints is covered by a deposition of irate crystals from the blood
usually controlled with diet and limit alcohol use