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Psychology (Social Cognition (Attribution The process by which we explain…

- - - - Eye contact
        One of the most influential forms. Different amounts of eye contact mean a range of things from interest to hositilty
      - Facial expression
        Facial expression is closely related to the emotion one is feeling and can be read by other people to guage their impressions
  - - - Saliency bias
        A person and their actions are more noticeable than their environment
      - Just world fallacy
        The belief that people generally get what they deserve in the world
    - - Individualistic
        Values personal goals and individual
      - Collectivist
        Values group goals and the collective
  - - - Affective component
        Emotional reaction or feeling (liking disliking)
      - Behavioural component
        Expressed through actions
      - Cognitive component
        Beliefs based on what we know about the world
      - Limitations
        Sometimes a person's behavior won't align with an attitude that they hold, despite the attitude being true
    - - Strength of attitude
        The stronger the attitude the more likely it is that it will be consistent over time
      - Accessibility of attitude
        An accessible attitude is one that comes easily to mind and has been though about and well known
      - Social context
        In some cases the situation can overpower the attitude
      - Perceived control
        the belief an individual has that they are free to perform or not perform behaviour linked to an attitude and a belief that they can actually perform that behaviour
    - - Classical conditioning
        Repeated exposure of two events. Learning by ascociation
      - Operant conditioning
        Tendency to repeat behaviour that leads to desired reward or avoid behaviour that leads to punishment
      - Social learning
        Learning by observing a model and replicating the behaviour / attitude
      - Repeated exposure
        Attitudes can be acquired by simply being exposed to an object, person or event repeatedly
        
        Mere exposure effect
        The effect of having a more positive attitude towards something simply by being exposed to it before
  - - - Ingroups and outgroups
        You identify with ingroups and don't belong in outgroups
    - - Old-fashioned prejudice
        The majority group rejects the minority group
      - Modern prejudice
        Outwardly accept the minority group but privately favour the majority group
      - Explicit and implicit
        An explicit prejudice is consciously held whereas an implicit prejudice is unconsciously held and not in control by the holder of the attitude
    - - Direct
        When a person treats someone differently because of a personal characteristic
      - Indirect
        When treating everyone the same disadvantages someone because of personal characteristics (accident)
    - - Intergroup contact
        Increasing the direct contact between two groups
        
        Sustained contact
        Helps break down stereotypes by revealing non-biased information
        
        Mutual interdependence
        Putting two groups in a situation where they are dependent on each other to succeed helps reduce prejudice
      - Superordinate goal
        A goal that cannot be achieved by any one group alone and overrides
        other existing goals which each group might have
      - Equality of status
        If two groups perceive each other as of equal status, they will be able to reduce prejudice more easily
      - Cognitive intervention
        Involves changing the way in which someone thinks about prejudice
- - - - Reward power
        Ability to give positive or remove negative consequences
      - Coercive power
        Ability to remove positive of give negative consequences
      - Legitimate power
        An individual's status in a group
      - Referent power
        To want to be liked by this person
      - Expert power
        Having special knowledge or skills
      - Informational power
        Have information that is not accessible anywhere else