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23 year old male with face & arm muscle spasms who can hardly speak…
23 year old male with face & arm muscle spasms who can hardly speak
got a tattoo
Clostridium tetani on dirty needle
bacteria that causes tetanus
Clostridium tetani
toxin enters nerve terminals
toxin blocks nerve signals from spinal cord to muscles
Nervous system
nerves blocked
difficulty swallowing
unable to send signals
difficulty swallowing
brain
damage due to lack of oxygen
seizures
spinal cord
muscular system
spams
jaw
abdomen
chest
back
neck
stiffness
jaw
abdomen
neck
back
chest
immune system
bacteria spread throughout body
fever
sweating
cardiovascular system
heart
fast heart rate
high blood pressure
respiratory system
lungs
breathing problems due to spasms
pneumonia
Skeletal system
bone fractures
due to muscle spasms/convulstions
Background information
Anatomy
organ systems
respiratory system
lungs
immune system
lymph nodes
skeletal system
bones
nervous system
brain
spinal cord
cardiovascular system
heart
muscular system
muscles
organs
lungs
pleural cavity
brain
skull
spinal cord
central nervous system
heart
pericardial cavity
Structural classification of neurons
Unipolar neuron
one extension of of their cell body
dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord
bipolar neuron
two extensions from cell body
found in special sensory organs
multipolar neuron
multiple extensions
most abundant in body
excitation contraction coupling
neuron
acetylcholine
chemically gated sodium channel
myosin
voltage gated calcium channels
tropomyosin
actin
postsynaptic potentials
excitatory postsynaptic potentials
Na+
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
K+
Cl-
Clostridium tetani
tetanospasmin
physiology
Organ system functions
Skeletal system
supports/protects bones
nervous system
transmits signals
immune system
defends against germs
cardiovascular system
transport nutrients, oxygen, hormones to cells
removes metabolic wastes
respiratory system
supply oxygen
muscular system
movement
organ functions
brain
command center
spinal cord
sends messages
lungs
respiration
delivers O2 to blood
removes CO2 from body
heart
supplies oxygen
pumps blood
functional classification
sensory (afferent) neuron
transmit impulses toward the central nervous system
interneurons
impulses within the CNS
motor (afferent) neuron
carry impulses away from CNS to effectors
excitation contraction coupling
neuron releases ACh
chemically-gated sodium (Na+) channels open
membrane of a muscle fiber depolarizes
voltage-gated calcium channels open
calcium binds to troponin
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summation
no summation
slowly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSPs that are far apart in time
temporal summation
rapidly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSPs that are close in time
spatial summation
more than one presynaptic neuron fires at same time, EPSPs are generated at different locations on the neuron
postsynaptic potentials
excitatory postsynaptic potentials
changes that depolarize the membrane
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
changes that hyperpolarize the membrane
Clostridium Tetani
tetanospasmin
neurotoxin that inhibits the release of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and results in muscle spasms/rigidity
normal cellular process
from glycolysis
breaking down glucose
glycolytic fibers can only make ATP if there's sugar
fast glycolytic fibers
contacts quickly & build ATP from glycogen
from Electron transport chain
requires oxygen
Fast oxidative fibers
contract quickly & build ATP with electron transport chain
slow oxidative fibers
contract slowly & build ATP from electron transport chain
fast ATPase enzymes
liberate energy quickly but also burn through ATP very fast
slow ATPase enzymes
liberate energy more slowly, but also use ATP more slowly
