Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

8 year old boy; fracture to the radius due to a fall when he tripped…

- - - - dystrophin is a protein that muscles need to work properly & without it muscles become weaken and damaged. & because the shape is changed so will is function
    - - caused by genetic mutation that stops the body from making dystrophin & causing dystrophin to be shorter
  - - - he tripped climbing down the stairs
    - - not enough vitamin d which can come from sunlight exposure, supplements with vitamin D or diets such as oily fish or food/drink fortified in with vitamin D; also not enough calcium
- - - - organs & organ systems affected:
        
        heart
        
        cardiovascular system
        
        direct: weakening the cardiac muscle; shortness of breath, fatigue & swelling of the legs and feet
        
        indirect: cardiomyopathy resulting the heart to not be able to pump blood properly
        
        Eyes
        
        direct: ptosis(dropping or falling of the upper eyelid because of the weakend muscles; cataract(blurred vision); blepharitis(inflammation of eyelid); diplopia(double vision)
        
        indirect: eye can worsen leading to surgery which can also be high risk due to all other organ affected
        
        nervous system
        
        brain
        
        direct: challenges with attention, memory, learning, speech & intellectual activity
        
        indirect: high risk to ADHD, ASD, dyslexia, OCD & developing epilepsy
        
        nervous system
        
        GI tract
        
        direct: constipation and diarrhea caused by dysmotility a condition which passage of food through digestive tract caused by slow movements of smooth muscle tissue
        
        indirect: the GI tract becoming fully damaged & needing surgery which can be high risk
        
        digestive system
        
        bones
        
        direct: reduced bone density & increased risk of fractures to the hip or spine
        
        indirect: long term can cause scoliosis or osteoporosis
        
        skeletal system
        
        glands that secrete hormones
        
        indirect: long term use of steroids can cause hormone testosterone to alter
        
        direct:
        
        delayed puberty development
        
        endocrine system
        
        Lungs
        
        direct: muscles that help us breath can be damaged
        
        indirect: long term causes can cause hypoventilation
        
        respiratory system
- - - - muscle fibers
        
        name of muscle cells
      - sarcolemma
        
        plasma membrane of a muscle cell
      - Tendons
        
        attaches muscle to bone & it is made of dense regular connective tissue
      - endomysium
        
        sheet of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle cell
      - Fascicles
        
        group of muscle fibers
      - Sarcomere
        
        contractile unit of a muscle fiber made of myofilaments
      - epimyisum
        
        layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle
      - Sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        smooth er that stores calcium
      - Myofibrils
        
        contractile fibers inside a muscle cell
      - t-tubules
        
        parts of sarcolemma that fold into muscle fiber & allowing membrane potential reach all myofibrils in the cell
    - - actiin
        
        thin myofilaments inside sarcomere
        
        two regulaory proteins in thin filaments
        
        tropomyosin
        
        runs on entire thin filament and covers myosin binding sites when the muscle cell is at rest
        
        Troponin
        
        when calcium released troponin interacts with calcium (weakness) & causing the shape to change on both regulatory proteins allowing actin and myosin to interact & triggering muscle contraction
      - myosin
        
        thick filaments inside sarcomere
      - Z discs
        
        on either edge of the sarcomere; zig-zagging structures ; thin myofilaments attached
      - m lines
        
        middle of sarcomere; helps anchor thick filaments together
      - H zone
        
        middle region in sarcomere & has only thick filaments
      - A band(causing striations)
        
        darker bands including thick filaments(myosin) and some thin filaments(actin) when it overlaps
      - I bands (causing striations)
        
        lighter bands that only have thin filaments(actin)
    - - Smooth muscle tissue
        
        location
        
        Walls of hollow Internal organs such as GI tract, urinary & blood vessels
      - Cardiac muscle tissue
        
        location
        
        wall of the heart
      - skeletal muscle tissue
        
        location
        
        skeletal muscles
    - - defintion
        
        process that a cell goes through using its DNA to build proteins
      - Two steps
        
        Transcription
        
        occurs in the nucleus
        
        begins with DNA
        
        DNA
        
        deoxyribose sugar
        
        Nucleotides: A,T,C & G
        
        shape: double helix; double stranded
        
        located in nucleus
        
        ends with mRNA
        
        mRNA
        
        ribose sugar
        
        Nucleotides: A,U,C & G
        
        single stranded
        
        located in cytoplasm
        
        involving RNA polymerase
        
        RNA polymerase
        
        builds RNA; it is what attaches to promoter region in DNA & transcribes message
        
        used by a cell to copy the specific instructions to build a protein
        
        Translation
        
        Occurs in the cytoplasm; cytosol; ribosomes(rough er)
        
        Begins with mRNA
        
        mRNA
        
        ribose sugar
        
        shape: single stranded
        
        Nucleotides: A,U,C & G
        
        found in cytoplasm (ribosomes)
        
        ends with a protein
        
        involves ribosomes & tRNA
        
        tRNA
        
        nucleic acid; is the bridge or translator between mRNA & amino acids
        
        ribosomes
        
        makes proteins
        
        what a cell uses to take an mRNA message and turn it into a protein
    - - definition
        
        process when old bone tissue is broken down & new bone tissue is made
      - occurs
        
        in response to body mineral requirements
        
        in response to gravity
        
        in response to physical activity or strains
    - - acetylcholine
        
        a neurotransmitter; language of neurons to muscle cells
      - Chemically gated sodium channels
        
        not always open but opened by chemicals (ACh)
        
        (high to low concentration) there is more sodium out so it moves in
      - membrane depolarizes
        
        charge becomes more positive in membrane because of the action potential
        
        Voltage gated sodium channels
      - voltage gated calcium channels
        
        not always open only opened by charge change
      - calcium & troponin
        
        calcium binding to troponin (regulatory protein )
      - cross bridge cycle
        
        cross bridge formation
        
        the power stroke
        
        cross bridge detachment
        
        cocking the myosin head
    - - active process; requires energy such as ATP
        
        ATPase: enzyme in myosin that breaks down ATP; they can be fast acting or slow acting
        
        fast ATPase enzyme
        
        release energy quickly but burns through ATP very fast; really strong muscle contraction
        
        slow ATPase enzyme
        
        releases energy slowly and also uses ATP slowly
      - Made in two different ways:
        
        from glycolysis
        
        breaks down of glucose/sugars
        
        muscle cells store glucose in glycogen
        
        when ATP generation is breaking down glycogen the fiber is called glycolytic
        
        from the electron transport chain
        
        generating a lot of ATP & requires oxygen
        
        when ATP generation is the ETC the fiber is oxidative
      - muscle fiber names
        
        Fast oxidative
        
        contract quickly & build ATP from ETC
        
        Fast glycolytic
        
        contract quickly & build ATP from glycogen
        
        Slow oxidative
        
        contract slowly & build ATP from ETC
    - - skeletal system
        
        organs
        
        bones
      - muscular system
        
        organs
        
        muscles
      - cardiovascular system
        
        organs
        
        heart
      - endocrine system
        
        organs
        
        glands (hormones)
      - nervous system
        
        organs
        
        eyes & brain
      - respiratory system
        
        organs
        
        lungs
      - Digestive system
        
        Organs
        
        GI tract
  - - - cardiac muscle tissue
        
        function
        
        pumps blood to the rest of the body
        
        involuntary
      - smooth muscle tissue
        
        function
        
        movement of substances such as urine, food & blood
        
        involuntary
      - skeletal muscle tissue
        
        function
        
        motion, posture & heat production
        
        Voluntary
    - - sarcolemma
        
        is the plasma membrane of the muscle cell; only letting certain things in/out of cell
      - tendons
        
        is what attaches muscle to the bone
      - endomysium
        
        surrounding muscle cell which includes blood vessels & nerves
      - sarcomere
        
        responsible for muscle contraction
      - epimyisum
        
        protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones
      - sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        smooth er and stores calcium for when it is needed for muscle contraction
      - myofibrils
        
        responsible for muscle contraction in the muscle cell
      - t-tubules
        
        allows membrane potential to reach all myofibrils inside the cell
    - - actin
        
        the thin filament that attaches to myosin during muscle contraction
      - myosin
        
        the thick filament that attaches to actin during muscle contraction
      - tropomyosin
        
        regulatory protein on actin and that cover myosin binding sites when its at rest but when it contracts it opens the myosin binding sites because troponin changes shape
      - troponin
        
        regulatory protein on actin that acts as a pin to keep tropomyosin in place but once troponin attaches to calcium it changes its shape and can't pin tropomyosin cause the myosin binding sites to open
      - z disc
        
        during contraction the z discs come closer together
    - - Transcribe
        
        process
        
        DNA has the special instructions to build a specific proteins which are found in the genes (ATCG)
        
        promoter region which is next to each gene is where the RNApolmerase can attach to the DNA
        
        the RNA polmerase attaches to the promoter region and open the double helix & then it reads the DNA strand
        
        transcribes it into mRNA message (AUCG)
      - Translation
        
        mRNA strand leaves the nucleus
        
        mRNA attaches to the ribosomes
        
        ribosome reads out the mRNA message in codons
        
        the complementary tRNA nucleotides attach starting the amino acid chain
    - - acetylcholine is released by the motor neurons
      - ACh attaches to chemically gated ion channels on the sarcolemma so the sodium rushes in and potassium out
      - the membrane depolarizes because the cell becomes more positive
      - action potential travels across sarcolemma because of the voltage gated sodium channels open (Sodium rushes in and neighbor wants sodium too but then they realize they need to get back to normal potential so they let potassium out going back to negative)
      - the charge change makes the sarcoplasmic reticulum release calcium
      - troponin gets bumped out of place by calcium which causes the tropomyosin to move and open binding sites for myosin and actin
      - cross bridge cycle occurs
        
        cross bridge formation
        
        energized myosin head attaches to actin
        
        the power stroke
        
        myosin slides against actin causing myosin to bend
        
        cross bridge detachment
        
        the process of getting them to separate; ATP comes and myosin attaches to ATP and lets go of actin
        
        cocking the myosin head; to begin again
        
        ATP hydrolysis to ADP; ATP is broken down and myosin uses that energy to get back to its shape
    - - process of an old bone tissue is broken down & new tissue was made
      - osteoclasts
        
        bone breaking cells
      - osteoblasts
        
        bone building cells
    - - muscular system connects the skeleton and allows contraction
      - skeletal system is made of cartilage and bone
      - they both allow movement to be smooth
    - - digestive system
        
        breaks down food
      - nervous system
        
        detects and responds to stimuli
      - cardiovascular system
        
        transports and circulates blood throughout the body
      - skeletal system
        
        provides body framework and protects organs
      - muscular system
        
        assists with movement & heat production
      - endocrine system
        
        secretes hormones
      - respiratory system
        
        gas exchange