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A 23 year old patient comes to the ER brought by his brother, because of…

- - - - tetanolysin
        
        can affect a variety of cells including erythrocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, and platelets
        
        has an affinity for cholesterol and related sterols that inhibit its lytic and lethal actions
        
        causes local tissue destruction
      - tetanospasmin
        
        a neurotoxin and causes the clinical manifestations of tetanus
        
        is one of the most potent toxins known
      - interferes with nerves that control muscle movement
      - infection can cause severe muscle spasms, serious breathing difficulties, and can ultimately be fatal
      - Muscular system
        
        muscles
        
        muscles throughout the body to tighten
        
        infection often causes muscle contractions in the jaw and neck
        
        neck
        
        muscle stiffness
        
        spasms and stiffness
        
        jaw
        
        muscle stiffness
        
        spasms and stiffness
      - respiratory system
        
        spasms of the vocal cords and spasms of the muscles that control breathing
        
        difficulty swallowing
      - Nervous system
        
        brain, spinal cord, sensory organs
        
        spinal cord
        
        poison blocks nerve signals from your spinal cord to your muscles, causing severe muscle spasms
        
        sensory organs
        
        release of an exotoxin, tetanospasmin
        
        is carried up the axons of peripheral nerves to the anterior horn cells and medulla, where it blocks the normal inhibitory input to the motor neurons
        
        brain
        
        blockage of the neurotransmitters
        
        glycine
        
        γ-aminobutyric acid
        
        by blocking γ-aminobutyric acid tetanus toxin causes violent spastic paralysis
        
        Clostridium tetani enter the body, they multiply rapidly and release tetanospasmin
        
        tetanospasmin
        
        Tetanospasmin interferes with the signals traveling from the brain to the nerves in the spinal cord, and then on to the muscles, causing muscle spasms and stiffness
      - circulatory system
        
        heart
        
        fast heart rate
        
        blood stream
        
        tetanospasmin enters the bloodstream
        
        tetanus symptoms
- - - - muscular system
        
        consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
      - nervous system
        
        brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body
      - cardiovascular system
        
        heart, pulmonary circulation, and systemic circulation
      - respiratory system
        
        lungs
    - - structural classification
        
        unipolar neuron
        
        found only in invertebrates, in which only one process called a neurite extends from the cell body
        
        bipolar neuron
        
        type of neuron which has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite)
        
        multipolar neuron
        
        contains one axon and multiple dendrites
      - functional classification of neurons
        
        bipolar neuron
        
        special sensory neurons
        
        unipolar neuron
        
        sensory neuron
        
        multipolar neuron
        
        internueron
        
        motor neuron
    - - motor neuron
        
        neuron located in the motor cortex
      - action potential
        
        change in electrical potential
      - skeletal muscle fibers
        
        skeletal muscle cells are long and cylindrical
      - sarcolemma
        
        envelops the fibers of skeletal muscles
      - t-tubules
        
        extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the centre of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
      - sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        found within muscle cells that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells
      - terminal cisternae
        
        enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding the transverse tubules
      - calcium ions
        
        Ca2+
      - sarcoplasm
        
        cytoplasm of striated muscle cells
      - voltage gated channels
        
        a class of transmembrane proteins
      - neurotransmitter
        
        acetylcholine
      - sodium ions
        
        Na+
      - potassium
        
        K+
    - - no summation
        
        slowly firing presynaptic neuron causes EPSP that are far apart in time
      - temporal summation
        
        occurs when a high frequency of action potentials in the presynaptic neuron elicits postsynaptic potentials that summate with each other
      - spatial summation
        
        effect of triggering an action potential in a neuron from one or more presynaptic neurons at the same time
      - summation occurs when a neuron uses more than one message to determine if it should depolarize
    - - EPSP
        
        the change in membrane voltage of a postsynaptic cell following the influx of positively charged ions into a cel
        
        excitatory postsynaptic potential
      - IPSP
        
        kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potentia
        
        inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
    - - tetanolysin
        
        causes local tissue destruction
      - tetanospasmin
        
        causes clinical tetanus.
      - tetanus toxin blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction
  - - - tetanolysin andtetanospasmin
        
        tetanus toxin blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction
    - - EPSP
        
        When the membrane potential reaches threshold the cell will produce an action potential and send the information down the axon to communicate with postsynaptic cells
        
        increases the neurons membrane potential
      - IPSP
        
        received when an inhibitory presynaptic cell, connected to the dendrite, fires an action potential
        
        decreases the neurons membrane potential and makes more unlikely for an action potential to occur.
    - - no summation
        
        two EPSP separated in time do not add together
      - spatial summation
        
        two EPSP at the same time from different locations add together
      - temporal summation
        
        two EPSP close in time add together
    - - sarcoplasm
        
        sarcoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in determining whether muscle contraction occurs
      - terminal cisternae
        
        Terminal cisternae then go on to release calcium, which binds to troponin
      - t-tubules
        
        conduct impulses from the surface of the cell (SARCOLEMMA) down into the cell and, specifically, to another structure in the cell called the sarcoplasmic reticulum
      - skeletal muscle fibers
        
        maintain posture, stabilize bones and joints, control internal movement, and generate heat
      - motor neuron
        
        control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands
      - action potential
        
        play a central role in cell-to-cell communication
      - sodium channels
        
        conduct electrical impulses throughout nerve, muscle and heart
      - sarcolemma
        
        acts as a barrier between the extracellular and intracellular compartments, defining the individual muscle fiber from its surroundings
      - sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        store calcium ions
      - voltage gated channels
        
        form ion channels that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential near the channel
      - calcium channels
        
        ion channel which shows selective permeability to calcium ions
      - neurotransmitters (acetocholyne)
        
        it is the chemical that motor neurons of the nervous system release in order to activate muscles
      - potassium channels
        
        open and close upon changes in the transmembrane potential
    - - unipolar
        
        sensory neuron
        
        afferent neurons
        
        skin receptors
        
        collects information
      - bipolar
        
        special neuron
      - multipolar
        
        integrating neuron
        
        predicts the right respone
        
        motor neuron
        
        efferent neuron
        
        makes things happen
      - structural classification
        
        unipolar
        
        they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing, touch, balance and proprioception.
        
        bipolar
        
        part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing, touch, balance and proprioception
        
        multipolar
        
        integration of a great deal of information from other neurons
    - - respiratory system
        
        lungs
        
        process of gas exchange called respiration (or breathing
        
        breathing problems due to spasms of the vocal cords (laryngospasm) and spasms of the muscles that control breathing
      - muscular system
        
        muscles
        
        responsible for maintaining and changing posture, locomotion, as well as movement of internal organs, such as the contraction of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive system via peristalsis
        
        spasms and stiffness
      - nervous system
        
        brain
        
        controls our thoughts, memory and speech, movement of the arms and legs, and the function of many organs within our body
        
        brain damage due to lack of oxygen
      - cardiovascular system
        
        heart
        
        pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes
        
        fast heart rate