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The Skeletal System Natalia Panuco Period 7…
The Skeletal System Natalia Panuco Period 7
Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
(Slight movement)- Cartilage connects articulating bone; for example,
Public Symphysis
or
Intervertebral Disks
in spine
-Connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage
Synovial Joint
Allows for free movement- More complex than fibrous or cartilaginous joints
-Ends of joints (Articular end of bones) are coved by hyaline cartilage
Articular Cartilage
: A "rubber shock absorber" that provides a smooth frictionless surface
Joint Capsule and Ligament
: Fibrous connective tissue connects the ends of two joining bones
Synovial Membrane
: Secrete synovial fluid that fills the joint cavity and decreases friction
Synovial Cavity
: The space inside a joint capsule between two bones, filled with synovial fluid
Fibrous Joints
(No movement)- Fibrous connective tissue grows between two bones; for example,
Sutures
of skull
Synovial Joints
Plane Joint or Gliding Joint
A back- and forth motion; the joints of the wrist and ankle, as well as those between vertebrae, are gliding joints
Hinge Joint
A convex surface fits into a concave surface, as is found in the elbow and phalange joints; movement is in one plane only (Uniaxial)
Condylar Joint (Ellipsoidal)
A variety of motions; an example is the joint between a metacarpal and a phalange
Pivot Joint (Trochoid)
A cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and fibrous tissue; examples include the joint between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna ans between the dens of the axis and the atlas
Ball- and- Socket (Spheroidal)
Very wide range of motion is possible (multiaxial); examples include the shoulder and hip joints
Saddle Joint (Sellar)
Permits movements in two planes (Biaxial); the joint between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb is of this type.
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Shaft-Diaphysis
-Long axis of the bone
-Composed of compact bone tissue
-Surrounds the medullary (Marrow) cavity
Medullary Cavity
-Center of the long bones
-Contains yellow marrow (Mostly Fat) in adults
-Contains red marrow (Blood cell formation) in infants
Ends- Epiphysis
-Compact bone around exterior
-Interior contains spongy bone
-Covered with articular (Hyaline) cartilage
Articular Cartilage
-Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
-Made of hyaline cartilage
-Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Epiphyseal Plate
-Hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen bone
-AKA: Growth Plate
Epiphysis Line
-Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet in the adult bones
-Remnants of the growth plate
Membranes- Periosteum
-External covering of the bone
-Outer layer is fibrous connective tissue
-Membrane contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels
-Inner layer consists of bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts (Bone building)
Osteoclasts (Bone destroyed)
-Secured to the underlying bone by sharpey's fibers
Membranes- Endosteum
-Internal bone surface membrane in the medullary cavity
-Covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines of canals of the compact bone
-Contains osteoclasts and obsteoblasts
Bone Fracture Repair
CLOSED reduction occurs when a doctor pushes and pulls the broken bones back into place
OPEN reduction occurs when surgery is required to use screws, pins and wires to hold the bones in place
1) Hematoma is formed
=Blood filled swelling caused by the broken blood vessels
-Signals released to start the process of repairing bone
2) Fibrocartilage callus forms- a temporary "Bridge" or connection between ends of broken bone (To fill the gap)
3) Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a
bony callus
-tougher and more stable than the fibrocartilage callus
4) Bony callus eventually replaced by the hard bone (
Permanent patch
) in a process called
remodeling
Bone Remodeling
Bone is an
ACTIVE
tissue. Calcium is constantly being deposited and absorbed here. Bone is also redesign according to the stress and the pressures acting upon it.
A)
BONE REMODELING
-Bone is often being made and/or reabsorbed at the periosteum/endosteum which results in the remodeling of the bone
1)
Bone Deposit
-Occurs when bones are
INJURED
, to make the bone stronger for a short period of time (While it's healing), but will eventually reach similar strength as the bones surrounding it
2)
Bone Reabsorption
-Occurs in response to the
CALCIUM
needs of the body. If there is a shortage of Calcium, the
Osteoclasts will dissolve/absorb so that Calcium can be sent to the muscles and nerves (Increase blood Calcium levels)
3)
Control of Remodeling
:
A)
Hormonal Control
-Consists of 2 negative feedback loops
B)
Response to Stress and Pressure
-Hormonal control IGNORES the needs of the skeleton
Difference Between Male and Female Pelvis
The difference between the male and female pelvis is the female pelvis is larger and more broader than the males, which is taller, narrow, and has more compact. The females is large and oval shaped while the males is more of a heart shape. A females pelvis has to be wider because when they become fertilized they have to have a big enough space for a human baby's head and body to come out .
Bones of the Adult Skeleton
1) Axial Skeleton
C) Hyoid
-Hyoid Bone
B) Middle Ear Bones
-Malleus
-Incus
Stapes
D) Vertebral Column
-Cervical Vertebra
-Thoracic Vertebra
-Lumbar Vertebra
-Sacrum
-Coccyx
A) Skull
Cranial Bones
-Frontal
-Parietal
-Occipitial
-Temporal
-Sphenoid
-Ethmoid
Facial Bones
-Maxilla
-Zygomatic
-Palatine
-Inferior Nasal Concha
-Mandible
-Lacrimal
-Nasal
-Vomer
E) Thoracic Cage
-Floating Ribs
-False Ribs
-True Ribs
-Sternum
-Manubrium
-Xiphoid
2) Appendicular Skeleton
B) Upper Limbs
-Humerus
-Radius
-Ulna
-Carpal
-Metacarpal
-Phalanx
C) Pelvic Girdle
-Coxal
-Ilium
-Ischium
-Pubis
-Pubic Symphysis
A) Pectoral Girdle
-Scapula
-Clavicle
D) Lower Limbs
-Femur
-Tibia
Fibula
-Patella
-Tarsal
-Metatarsal
-Phalanx
Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone Tissue
Appears Solid
Network of
Osteons (Haversian System)
=
Structure Unit
of compact bones
Calcium matrix surrounding collagen fibers
-Strong but flexible
Arranged in rings (
Concentric lamella
surrounding
central canal (Haversian Canal)
-Canal space for blood vessels
Lamella connected by
canaliculi
-Channels for movement of materials between osteocytes and blood vessels in Haversian canal
Spaces (
Lacunae)
embedded between rings
-Location of
Osteocytes
- Bone cells
-
Deposit and reabsorb calcium
Receive blood from the periosteum (Covering)
Joint Disorders
Arthritis
Inflammatory
or degenerative diseases of
joints
-Over 100 different types
-The most widespread crippling disease in the USA
Osteoarthritis
-Most common chronic arthritis
-Probably related to normal
aging
processes, physical
trauma
, or
repetitive
motion
Tendonitis
Inflammation of
tendon
sheaths
Rheumatoid Arthritis
-An
autoimmune
disease: The immune system attacks the joints
-Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints such as hands
-Often leads to deformities
Bursitis
Inflamation of a
bursa
usually caused by a blow or friction
Gouty Arthritis (Gout)
-Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood
-Can usually be controlled with diet and limit alcohol use
Types of Bones
Short Bones
Are square or cube shaped, i.e. wrist, ankles, patella, etc.
Flat Bones
Flat, thin bones, often curved, i.e. skull plates, ribs, sternum, etc.
Long Bones
Are longer than they are wide, i.e. arms, legs, phalanges, etc.
Irregular Bones
Odd, irregular shapes, i.e. pelvis,vertebrae, scapula, etc.