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Unit 1: Topic 1 - Properties and Structures of Atoms (Bonding (Valence…
Unit 1: Topic 1 - Properties and Structures of Atoms
Periodic Table
Elements represented by symbols
Periodic table arranged according to atomic # and element properties
Successive Ionisation Energies
Ionisation energy increases if an ion becomes stable (has a complete sub-shell or valence shell)
Metallic Character
Metallic
Metals tend to lose electrons
Alkali Metals
Highly reactive, lose 1 electron
Non-Metallic
Non-metals tend to hold onto or gain electrons
Halogens
Highly reactive, gain 1 electron
Periodic Trends
Atomic Radii
Increases down a column and right to left across a period
Ionisation Energy
Increases up a column and left to right across a period
Electronegativity
Increases up a column and left to right across a period
Metallic Character
Increases from top right to bottom left
Oxides
Change from basic through amphoteric to acidic across a period
Atomic Structure
Atomic Model
Nucleus surrounded by electrons
Electrons in distinct energy levels held by electrostatic forces of attraction
Electron Configureations
Atomic Notation
Electron Configurations
S, P, D and F shells
Recognise the sub-shell blocks in the periodic table
Aufbau Principle
Electrons enter the orbital of lowest energy first
Pauli Exclusion Principle
An orbital can contain a max of 2 electrons
Hunds Rule
When electrons fill equal energy sub-shells the upwards pointing electron enters first.
Exceptions
Copper (Cu)
More stable if the 3D shell is full rather than the 4S shell
Chromium (Cr)
More stable if 3D shell has one electron in each orbital
Bonding
Valence shell determines atomic properties
Transitional elements can form more than 1 ion
Electrons gained/lost is determined by electron configureation
Ions are electrically charged do to an imbalance of protons and electrons
Chemical bonds are formed by electrostatic forces
Valency: the number of bonds an atom can form
Isotopes
Same element, different amounts of neutrons
Same electron configuration and similar chemical properties, but physical properties vary
Understand how Relative Atomic Mass works
Analytical Techniques
Mass Spectrometry
Ionises substance, separates ions, spectra generated can be used to identify the isotopic composition of elements.
Used to determine RAM
Flame tests and Absorption spectroscopy
Rely on light produced when electrons travel between energy levels.
(Lyman, Balmer, Paschen Series in the Hydrogen spectrum)
Absorption and Emission Spectra
Absorption: What's been taken out/absorbed.
Emission: What's been emitted
