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leslie ayala Skeletal System (All the Bones (Fibula, Tibia, Calcaneous,…
leslie ayala
Skeletal System
All the Bones
Fibula
Tibia
Calcaneous
Patella
Phalanges
Femur
Tarsal
Metacarpals
Metatarsal
Carpal
Sacrum
Ulna
Humerus
Radius
Scapula
Sternum
Sternum
Rib
Clavicle
Type of bones
Short Bones – are square or cube shaped,
i.e. wrist, ankle, patella, etc.
Flat bones – flat, thin bones, often curved,
i.e. skull plates, ribs, sternum, etc.
1) Long bones – are longer than they are wide,
i.e. arms, legs, phalanges, etc.
Irregular bones – odd, irregular shapes,
i.e. pelvis, vertebrae, scapula, etc.
Microscopic Anatomy of compact bone tissue
Appears solid , network of osteons (haversian systems) = structural unit of compact bone
Arranged in rings (concentric lamella) surrounding central Canal
Lamella connected by canaliculi- channels for movemet
Bone remodeling
ossification= the formation of bones -Bones form by replacing connective tissue in the fetus
Intramembranous bones- form within sheet-like layers of connective tissue , form flat bones of the skull
Endochondral bones - begin as masses of hyaline cartilage that are later replaced by bone
Growth hormone is the most important stimulus to bone growth, but the amount of GH is controlled by thyroid hormones
Bone fracture repair
Closed (simple) fracture- break that does not break skin
Open (compound structure) broken bone penetrates through skin
Comminuted fracture- broken into more than 3 pieces
Compression fracture - bone is crushed and collapsed on itself
Depressed fracture- bone is pressed inward or dented in
Impacted fracture- broken bone forced into each other
Spiral fracture - ragged break from a twisting force applied to the bone
Green stick fracture- bones break incompletely
Joints
Classified based on type of material
Cartilaginous joints- has cartilage
Connects articulating bones; for example Pubic symphysis or intervertebral disks in spine
Synovial joint- Synovial membrane (most joints are in this class)
More complex than fibrous or cart
Fibrous Joint- Dense connective tissue
Grows between two bones; for example, sutures of skull
Classified based on amount of movement
Synarthroses-Immovable joints
Amphiarthroses- Slightly movable joints
Diarthoses- Freely movable joints
Difference between male and female pelvis
male : the ischium bones are smaller, bones heavier, thicker, false pelvis is deep, coccyx is less flexible and more curved, The pelvic inlet is heart shaped and saller
female: is larger and broader between the ischium bones, bones are lighter and thinner, false pelvis is shallow, pelvic inlet is round/oval, the coccyx is more flexible and straighter
Movements allowed by synovial joints
condylar joint (ellipsoidal): a variety of motions; an example is the
joint between a metacarpal and a phalange.
Ball-and-socket (spheroidal):very wide range of motion is possible
(multiaxial); examples include the shoulder and hip joints
Plane joints or Gliding joints: a back-and-forth motion; the joints of the wrist and ankle as well as those between vertebrae, are gliding joints
Hinge joint: a convex surface fits into a concave surface, as is found in
the elbow and phalange joints; movement is in one plane only (uniaxial).
Pivot joint (trochoid): a cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and fibrous tissue: examples include the joint between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna and between the dens of the axis and atlas
Saddle joint (sellar): permits movements in two planes (biaxial); the joint between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb is of this type
Anatomy of long bone
Epiphysis
Compact bone around exterior, inferior contains spongy bone, covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage
Articular
cartilage
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses, made of hyaline cartilage
Medullary
cavity
Center of long bones, contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Periosteum
External covering of the bone, outer layer is fibrous connective tissue , membrane contains nerves
Diaphysis
Long axis of the bone, surrounds the medullary cavity, composed of compact bone
Endosteum
Internal bone surfaces membrane in the medulla cavity