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Skeletal System Emerson Brown Per.4 (Names of Bone (femur: thigh bone,…
Skeletal System Emerson Brown Per.4
Types of Bones
Long Bone
considerably larger than wide
wrist, ankle bones, and most limb bones (except patella)
Flat Bone
think flattened curved
Sternum, ribs, most cranial bones in the skull
Irregular
complicated shapes; varies
vertebrae and hip bones
Short Bone
roughly cube-shaped
contain sesamoid bones: small bones in tendons
Anatomy of long bone
Outer
distal epiphysis
diaphysis
proximal epiphysis
articular cartilage
Inner
epiphyseal plate
endosteum
spongy bone
Sharpey's fiber
periosteum
medullary cavity
compact bone
spongy bone
red marrow
Bone Fracture Repair
fractures: breaks in bones
youth: results from twists or smashes to bones
old age: fractures result thinner or weaker bones
Fracture Classification: position of bone break is classified as nondisplaced or displaced fractures; completeness of break is classified as complete and incomplete
Treatment and Repair
treatment begins with reduction
closed (external): physician coaxes bone into position
open (internal): bone ends secured with screws; broken bone is immobilized by cast or traction
steps for repair
hematota forms
cartilaginous callus forms: blood vessels grow into a clot; fibroblasts and chondroblasts invade fracture site and callus spans the break, thus correcting broken bone ends
bony callus forms: immature bone cells replace fibrocartilaginous callus converting to bony callus
bone remodeling occurs: bony callus is remodeled; excess material on cavaties and diaphysis is removed; compact bone reconstructs shaft walls
Names of Bone
femur: thigh bone
zygomatic: cheek bone
scapula:shoulder blade
radius:arm bone
ulna: arm bone
carpals: wrist
calcaneus: heel
patella: knee cap
nasal: nose
mandible: jaw
cervical: neck
phalanges: fingers and toes
Tibia: leg bone
fibula: leg bone
cranium: skull
tarsals: ankle bones
thoracic: upper vertebrae
lumbar: lower vertebrae
ilium: hip bone
clavical
Joints
Fibrous Joints (Immovable)
bones are joined by collagen fibers
NO joint cavities
amount of movement depends on length of the tissue
types of joints: syndesmosis and symphsis
Cartilaginous Joints (Slightly Movable)
articulating bones united by cartilage
lacking joint cavities
two types
Synchondrosis: junction of cartilage; plate of hyaline cartilage
Symphyes: joint where fibrocartilage unites the bone; acts as shock absorber; designed for strength and flexibility
Synovial Joints (Freely Movable): articulating bones separated by a fluid-containing cavity
have six defining features
synovial fluid: occupies all free space of capsule; secreted by cells
Reinforcing Ligaments: reinforced and strengthened by ligaments ( usually capsular or intrascapular)
articular capsule: enclosed by two articular capsule; tough external fibrous layer
Nerves and blood vessels: richly supplied with with nerves; fatty pads and articular discs
Joint (articular) cavity: unique to synovial joints; small amount of synovial fluid
Articular cartilage: glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage covers bone surface
Movements allowed
Gliding Movements: back and forth, side to side
Angular Movements: flexion, extension, hyperextension
extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
rotation of head, neck, lower limb: rotation, lateral rotation, medial rotation
pronation and supination
dorsiflexion and planter
Inversion and Eversion
Protraction and Retraction
Elevation and Depression
Opposition
types of joints: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket
Bone Remodeling: coordinated by cohorts of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
replaces 5-10% of skeleton
steps for bone remodeling
bone resorption: osteoclasts move along bone surface; acid is secreted
bone deposition: osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix
bone is dynamic and active tissue
control of remodeling: two controls loops in skeleton
Maintaining Ca2 homeostasis
keeps bone strong
hormonal controls: maintaining calcium levels within homeostatic levels is crucial from maintaining resting membrane
Microscopic bone anatomy
medullary cavity
spongy bone
periosteum
osteon
compact bone
lamellae
nutrient artery
lacunae
articular cartilage
central canal
epiphyseal line
osteoblast
diaphysis
canaliculi
epiphysis
pirpharating canals
differences between male and female pelvis
male
iliac crests are higher, so pelvis looks taller and narrower
sacrum is longer, narrower, and straighter
subpubic angle is smaller
female
wider and larger than males to prepare for childbirth
rounder pelvic inlet
subpubic angle is larger
Joint Disorders
Common Joint disorders
cartilage tears: most tears involve knee menisci; objected to compression and stress; cartilage is avascular and fragments intervene with joint function
sprains: ligaments reinforce a joint; stretched or turned; ankle, knee, and lumbar region of spine
dislocations: bones are forced out of allignment; accompanied by sprains, inflammation, difficulty in jaw, shoulders, fingers, and thumbs
Inflammatory and Degenerative
bursins: inflammation of bursa
tendinitis: inflammation of tendon sheaths
arthritis: describes over 100 types of disease in joints; 1 in 5 people have arthritis; causes pain, stiffness, and swelling
osteoarthritis: most common type; "wear and tear"
rheumatoid arthritis: chronic inflammatory disorder
gouty arthritis: inflammatory response which leads to a gout
lyme disease: caused by spirochete bacteria transmitted by bites of ticks; pain in knees, skin rash, flu symptoms, and foggy thinking
listed from top to bottom of long bone
