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skeletal system (the bones (phalanges (toes, fingers), cranium (the skull)…

- - - - periosteum, bone, blood vessels torn
      - hemorrhaged blood clots form hematoma at fracture site
      - swelling, pain, inflammation occurs when bone cells deprived of nutrition die
    - - within days, new blood vessels grow into clot
      - fibroblasts and chondroblasts invade fracture site
      - fibroblast produces collagen fibers that connect broken bone ends; they produce collagen
      - chondroblasts make cartilaginous matrix that bulges, calcifies, creating fibrocartilaginous callus
        
        also called soft callus
    - - osteoblasts begin creating spongy bone
      - gradually, fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced by immature bone; bony hard callus
    - - after bony callus remodeled; excess material on diaphysis exterior and medullary cavity removed
      - compact bone laid down to to reconstruct shaft walls
      - repaired area resembles og unbroken bony regions
- - - - medullary cavity has yellow marrow(fat) in adults
  - - - remnant of epiphyseal plate
        
        the plate is growth plate
  - - - covers external surface of entire bone except joint surfaces
        
        periosteum has nerve fibers and blood vessels
    - - connective tissue membrane covers internal bone surfaces
        
        covers spongy bone/ trabeculae
  - - - then it branches to supply outerbone
  - - - very little red marrow is present in spongy bone
- - - - canaliculi are hairlike canals that radiate from lacunae; connecting all to central canal
- - - - short bone that form in tendon;patella
      - some sesamoid bones act to alter direction of pull of a tendon to reduce abrasion or tearing
- - - - giant osteoclasts do bone resorption
        
        have ruffled borders
      - osteoclasts move around bone surface, digging depressions onto bone matrix
    - - after osteoclasts, osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix
  - - - hormonal negative feedback loop involving parathyroid hormone
    - - mechanical and gravity forces acting on a bone remodeling where required to strengthen bone
  - - - when Ca declines, PTH released
        
        high PTH stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, releasing Ca to blood
    - - by parafollicular cells of thyroid glands to regulate Ca levels
- - - - occurs only between bones of skull
      - wavy articulating bone edges interlock
      - knit bone together but let it expand as bone grows
      - when one ages, fibrous tissue ossifies and is called synostoses
      - immobile
    - - bones connected only by ligaments
      - movement depends on length on length of connecting fiber
      - slightly movable-foot region/ankle
    - - peg in socket fibrous joint
      - periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket
      - immobile
- - - - bar/plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones at synchondroses
        
        synchondrosis are immovable/synarthrotic
      - ex; sternum and joint between first rib and sternum
    - - joint where fibrocartilage unites bones
        
        fibrocartilage is compressed and resilient, which acts as a shock absorbent and some limited movement
        
        ex; pelvis
- - - - separated by a joint cavity
        
        enclosed within articular capsule which is lined with synovial membrane
        
        plane
        
        hinge
        
        pivot
        
        condylar
        
        saddle
        
        ball-and-socket