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The Skeletal System (ANATOMY OF THE LONG BONE (diaphysis:bone's shaft…
The Skeletal System
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BONE REMODELING:
(1) during the activation phase, the pre-osteoclasts are attracted to the remodeling sites
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(3) during the resorption phase, the osteoclasts dig out a cavity called a resorption pit
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(5) after the pit is completed, the osteoclasts disappear
(6) in the reversal phase, mesenchymal stem cells appear along the burrow or pit
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(8) during the formation phase, the pre-osteoblasts mature into osteoblasts at the surface of the burrow pit
(9) the osteoblasts busy themselves by releasing osteoid (a soft, nonmineralized bone matrix)
(10)this phase must be called the formation phase because the new matrix becomes mineralized with calcium and phosphorus thus creating new bone
(11) the remodeling site (now new bone tissue) remains resting/quiescence until the next bone remodeling cycle begins
JOINTS
types of functional classification joints
synoviol, cartilaginous, and fibrous
synovial types:
plane joint, hinge joint, saddle joint, condyloid joint, ball and socket joint, pivous joints
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fibrous joints types:
sutures, syndemoses, gomphoses
synovial joints contain: a capsule, small amount of lubricating synovial fluid, articular cartilage covers the articulating surfaces
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PLANE JOINT
Gliding and sliding movement, Uniaxial
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SADDLE JOINT
Abduction and adduction as well as flexion and extension, circumduction Biaxial
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BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction, multiaxial
EX: in the shoulder joint, where the rounded upper extremity of the humerus (ball) rests in the cup-like glenoid fossa (socket) of the shoulder blade
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MALE V. FEMALE PELVIS
Sciatic notch:
A male pelvis has a narrower sciatic notch while the female pelvis has a wider sciatic notch.
Pubic Arch:
A male pelvis has a v-shaped pubic arch whereas; the female pelvis has a pubic arch that is wider.
Coccyx:
The coccyx of a male pelvis is projected inwards (less curved anteriorly) and immovable. In contrast, a female pelvis has a flexible and straighter coccyx.
Ischial tuberosity (sit bone):
In Male pelvis, ischial tuberosity is longer, close together and more laterally projecting. On the other hand, in female pelvis ischial tuberosity is shorter, farther apart and more medially projecting.
Purpose of Design:
Male pelvis is designed to support a heavy body with a stronger muscle structure whereas the female pelvis has been designed for purposes of childbearing and easier delivery.
Ilium:
Ilium of male pelvis is more vertical with more curved iliac crest whereas the Ilium of female pelvis is less vertical with less curved iliac crest.
Pelvis bone:
A male pelvic bone is heavier, taller and much thicker while a female pelvic bone is thinner and denser.
Pelvic inlet/pelvic brim:
A male pelvis has a heart-shaped pelvic inlet while a female pelvis has a pelvic inlet that is slightly oval in shape.
Sacrum:
Male pelvis has a longer and narrower sacrum while a female pelvis has a sacrum that is wider, shorter and less curved.
Acetabulum (hip bone socket):
Male pelvis has an acetabulum that is larger while a female pelvis has a smaller acetabulum.
Size :Male pelvis is smaller and narrower with heavier and thicker bones. On the other hand female pelvis is bigger and wide with lighter and denser bones.
BONE FRACTURES
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spiral fracture: is a bone fracture occurring when torque (a rotating force) is applied along the axis of a bone.
impacted fracture: occurs when the broken ends of the bone are jammed together by the force of the injury.
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compression fracture: occurs when the bone is pressed together or collapses on itself
bone is crushed
Types of Bones
Long bones: have a tubular shaft and articular surface at each end. The major bones of the arms (humerus, radius, and ulna) and the legs (the femur, tibia, and fibula) are all long bones.
Short bones: have a tubular shaft and articular surfaces at each end but are much smaller. The short bones include all of the metacarpals and phalanges in the hands, and the metatarsals and phalanges in the feet.
Flat bones: thin and have broad surfaces. The flat bones include the scapula (wingbone), the ribs, and the sternum (breastbone).
Irregular bones: Iare irregular in size and shape and are usually quite compact. They include the bones in the vertebral column, the carpal bones in the hands, tarsal bones in the feet, and the patella (kneecap).
Spongy Bone: Made up of a lattice work of bone, the spaces are filled with red marrow which produce blood cells.
Compact bone: dense and hard, especially the outer layer of the bone
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BONE DISORDERS
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PAGET'S DISEASE
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Bone grows abnormally, and then becomes soft.
Head size increases, pain hearing and vision problems, teeth spread.
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OSTEOPOROSIS
means porous bone, is a disease in which the density and quality of bone are reduced
RICKETS
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listlessness, irritability &muscle weakness
Teeth show: delayed eruption, malocclusion, developmental abnormalities of dentin and enamel
BONE FRACTURE REPAIR:
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-Fibrocartilaginous callus (mass of repair tissue consisting of collagen fibers and cartilage that bridges broken ends of bone)
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