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8 year old with broken radius. Diagnosed with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

- - - - cardiac muscle tissue
      - smooth muscle tissue
      - skeletal muscle tissue
    - - glycolytic fibers
        
        fast:
      - oxidative fibers
        
        fast
        
        slow
    - - organelles: mitochondria, sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum
      - endomysium
      - epimysium
      - myofibrils
      - T-Tubules
      - sarcomere
    - - osteoblasts
      - osteoclasts
      - osteocytes
  - - - glycolytic fibers: create ATP using glycolysis. Makes 2-4 ATP to use
      - oxidative fibers: create ATP using the electron transport chain. Makes 32 ATP.
    - - skeletal muscle: movement, posture, heat production
      - smooth muscle: movement of substances
      - cardiac muscle: pumps blood
    - - T-Tubules: make sure the membrane potential reaches all of the cell
      - sarcoplasmic reticulum: stores calcium
      - epimysium: surrounds entire muscle; connective tissue
      - endomysium: connective tissue; surrounds individual muscle cell
      - mitochondria: produces energy in the form of ATP
      - sarcomere: structural unit of a myofibril. Contains dark fibrous protein called myosin and light protein called actin. On the actin protein, there is a protein called tropomyosin that runs the length of the actin, covering its myosin binding sites. Another protein troponin is on the tropomyosin and when activated by calcium, moves the tropomyosin off the binding sites.
      - myofibril: elongated contractile thread in a muscle cell, contracts the muscle
    - - Transcription: RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA and creates a mirror mRNA strand which then leaves the nucleus of the cell
      - Translation: the mRNA goes and binds to a ribosome which reads the mRNA codons and tRNA comes and binds to those codons and releases the correct amino acid onto a chain that builds up and becomes the protein. When translation is finished, protein detaches from ribosome and folds into its secondary and tertiary structures.
    - - 1: Cross-Bridge Formation
        
        After troponin binds with calcium and moves off the binding sites, an energized myosin head attaches to the actin protein, forming the "cross bridge".
      - 2: Power Stroke
        
        The ADP and Phosphate are released from the myosin head as it bends, changing to a low-energy state and also moving the actin protein towards the M-line in the sarcomere.
      - 3: Cross-Bridge Detachment
        
        ATP binds to the myosin head, and the link is severed between myosin and actin, head detaches.
      - 4: Cocking of Myosin Head
        
        ATP has been used up and hydolizes into ADP and a Phosphate again. The head returns to its high-energy position.
    - - osteoblasts: build bone tissue with calcium and phosphates. Influenced by hormones such as estrogen.
      - osteoclasts: break down bone tissue
- - - - A gene in the X chromosome is mutated and causes alterations in the protein dystrophin, making it more absent. This causes the muscle cells to be fragile and damage easily.
    - - Random genetic mutation..
  - - - Not enough calcium in diet, lack of exercise
    - - Tripped climbing down the stairs. Not engaging in physical activity because claims to be too tired. Walking on his tiptoes, and struggles to get out of bed in the morning