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Chapter 8 and 9 (ATP and Enzymes (Enzymes Speed up Reactions (Proteins,…

- - - - The use of and exergonic process to drive and endergonic one.
  - - - Every chemical reaction between molecules involves both bond breaking and bond forming.
      - Free Activation Energy: the energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break.
      - The amount of energy needed to push the reactants to the top of an energy barrier, or uphill, so that downhill part of the reaction can begin.
- - - - every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
      - Order and Disorder
        
        Free energy: temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. Ex: living cell
        
        Free Energy, Stability, and Equilibrium.
        
        Exergonic reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy, spontaneous. catabolic,
        
        Endergonic reaction one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings, non spontaneous, Anabolic.
- - - - product: CO2 is released and now the pyruvate becomes two carbons attached with a coA enzyme.
        
        NAD becomes NAD+
        
        Citric Acid Cycle Also the KREB: The oxidized pyruvate adds its two-carbon acetyl group to oxaloacetate, producing citrate
        
        Then citrate becomes isocitrate, by removal of one water molecule and addition of another.
        
        Isocitrate is oxidized reducing NAD+ to NADH releases C02 and with the COA enzyme NADH become FADH
        
        Which then with Addition of H20 FADH2 is oxidized and reduced to 2 ATP
        
        Electron Transport system: Is in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Majority of the ATP is made
        
        Turns through this cycle twice per glucose molecule.